Legal Studies - Constitution essays

Legal Studies - Constitution essays The balance of power between the commonwealth and states can be modified directly through a referendum. Under section 128 which states that the proposed change to constitution must first be passed by the commonwealth parliament and then a double majority must attained in a compulsory vote in order for the actual words of the constitution to change. Changing the words in the constitution would mean that the powers of either state, or the commonwealth parliament would wither increase or decrease. However the Referendum is not a very effective method of changing the balance of power as since 1901 only out of 44 referendums have been successful, and the alteration of the balance of power has not been very significant. An indirect way of modifying the balance of power between commonwealth and the states is through high court interpretation. This is a much more effective method then the referendum. Although, interpretation does not change the words of the constitution formally, it provid es a meaning to them and therefore if a dispute arises between the states and commonwealth as to who has power to legislate overran area, high court interprets the constitution and makes a decision. Since 1900 there have been several cases Brislans case (1935) high court ruled under S51 that wireless sets are apart of postal, telegraphic and other like services, therefore giving commonwealth parliament power to legislate in the case of wireless sets and Franklin Dam case (1983) Commonwealth parliament legislate international affairs even if it interferes with residual powers. I.e. Franklin Dam covered by international treaty. That have swung the balance of power towards the federal parliament. This gaining of powers by federal parliament has made it more dominant i.e. financial dominance in the form of tide grants to states, however if the commonwealth operates within its concurre...

Hypothesis Test for Comparing Two Proportions

Hypothesis Test for Comparing Two Proportions In this article we will go through the steps necessary to perform a hypothesis test, or test of significance, for the difference of two population proportions.  This allows us to compare two unknown proportions and infer if they are not equal to each other or if one is greater than another. Hypothesis Test Overview and Background Before we go into the specifics of our hypothesis test, we will look at the framework of hypothesis tests.  In a test of significance we attempt to show that a statement concerning the value of a population  parameter (or sometimes the nature of the population itself) is likely to be true.   We amass evidence for this statement by conducting a statistical sample.  We calculate a statistic from this sample.  The value of this statistic is what we use to determine the truth of the original statement.  This process contains uncertainty, however we are able to quantify this uncertainty The overall process for a hypothesis test is given by the list below: Make sure that the conditions that are necessary for our test are satisfied.Clearly state the null and alternative hypotheses. The alternative hypothesis may involve a one-sided or a two-sided test.  We should also determine the level of significance, which will be denoted by the Greek letter alpha.Calculate the test statistic. The type of statistic that we use depends upon the particular test that we are conducting.  The calculation relies upon our statistical sample.  Calculate the p-value. The test statistic can be translated into a p-value.  A p-value is the probability of chance alone producing the value of our test statistic under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true. The overall rule is that the smaller the p-value, the greater the evidence against the null hypothesis.Draw a conclusion. Finally we use the value of alpha that was already selected as a threshold value.  The decision rule is that If the p-value is less than or equal to alpha, then we reject t he null hypothesis. Otherwise we fail to reject the null hypothesis. Now that we have seen the framework for a hypothesis test, we will see the specifics for a hypothesis test for the difference of two population proportions.   The Conditions A hypothesis test for the difference of two population proportions requires that the following conditions are met:   We have two simple random samples from large populations.  Here large means that the population is at least 20 times larger than the size of the sample. The sample sizes will be denoted by n1 and n2.The individuals in our samples have been chosen independently of one another.  The populations themselves must also be independent.There are at least 10 successes and 10 failures in both of our samples. As long as these conditions have been satisfied, we can continue with our hypothesis test. The Null and Alternative Hypotheses Now we need to consider the hypotheses for our test of significance.  The null hypothesis is our statement of no effect.  In this particular type of hypothesis test our null hypothesis is that there is no difference between the two population proportions.  We can write this as H0: p1 p2. The alternative hypothesis is one of three possibilities, depending upon the specifics of what we are testing for:   Ha:  p1 is greater than p2. This is a one-tailed or one-sided test.Ha: p1 is less than p2. This is also one-sided test.Ha: p1 is not equal to p2. This is a two-tailed or two-sided test. As always, in order to be cautious, we should use the two-sided alternative hypothesis if we do not have a direction in mind before we obtain our sample.  The reason for doing this is that it is harder to reject the null hypothesis with a two-sided test. The three hypotheses can be rewritten by stating how p1 - p2 is related to the value zero.  To be more specific, the null hypothesis would become H0:p1 - p2 0.  The potential alternative hypotheses would be written as: Ha:  p1 - p2   0 is equivalent to the statement p1 is greater than p2.Ha:  p1 - p2  Ã‚  0 is equivalent to the statement p1 is less than p2.Ha:  p1 - p2  Ã‚  Ã¢â€°   0 is equivalent to  the statement p1 is not equal to p2. This equivalent formulation actually shows us a little bit more of what is happening behind the scenes.  What we are doing in this hypothesis test is turning the two parameters p1 and p2  into the single parameter p1 - p2.  We then test this new parameter against the value zero.   The Test Statistic The formula for the test statistic is given in the image above.  Ã‚  An explanation of each of the terms follows: The sample from the first population has size n1.  The number of successes from this sample (which is not directly seen in the formula above) is k1. The sample from the second population has size n2.  The number of successes from this sample is k2.The sample proportions are  p1-hat k1 / n1  and p2-hat   k2 / n2 .We then combine or pool the successes from both of these samples and obtain:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   p-hat ( k1 k2) / ( n1 n2). As always, be careful with order of operations when calculating.  Everything underneath the radical must be calculated before taking  the square root. The P-Value The next step is to calculate the p-value that corresponds to our test statistic. We use a standard normal distribution for our statistic and consult a table of values or use statistical software.   The details of our p-value calculation depend upon the alternative hypothesis we are using: For Ha: p1 - p2   0, we calculate the proportion of the normal distribution that is greater than Z.For Ha: p1 - p2  Ã‚  0, we calculate the proportion of the normal distribution that is less than Z.For Ha: p1 - p2  Ã‚  Ã¢â€°   0, we calculate the proportion of the normal distribution that is greater than |Z|, the absolute value of Z.  After this, to account for the fact that we have a two-tailed test, we double the proportion.   Decision Rule Now we make a decision on whether to reject the null hypothesis (and thereby accept the alternative), or to fail to reject the null hypothesis.  We make this decision by comparing our p-value to the level of significance alpha. If the p-value is less than or equal to alpha, then we reject the null hypothesis. This means that we have a statistically significant result and that we are going to accept the alternative hypothesis.If the p-value is greater than alpha, then we fail to reject the null hypothesis. This does not prove that the null hypothesis is true. Instead it means that we did not obtain convincing enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.   Special Note The confidence interval for the difference of two population proportions does not pool the successes, whereas the hypothesis test does.  The reason for this is that our null hypothesis assumes that p1 - p2 0.  The confidence interval does not assume this.  Some statisticians do not pool the successes for this hypothesis test, and instead use a slightly modified version of the above test statistic.

The Affordalbe Care Act Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Affordalbe Care Act - Research Paper Example every citizen has the right to obtain affordable and dependable health care, which is the responsibility of the Federal government to make sure efficient provision of the service. The notion encouraged him to fight for legislation the Affordable care act. Obama’s ideologies on health care is founded on believe that the insurance companies unrestrained authority to influence care, and patient insurance have left many Americans uninsured and underinsured (Phillips 20). In accordance with the new law commonly termed as â€Å"Obama care,† Obama believes that American citizens are geared towards the provision of a health care system that is secure. The scheme entails Americans receiving health insurance through employers to make citizens coverage reasonable and secure. The scheme permits individuals with pre-existing conditions the capability to get preventative care with no payment of deductibles and co-pays. Additionally, Obama states the new law would eradicate insurance overpayments and fraud cases in Medicare together with Medicaid systems, which would save people a lot of money. This move permitted Obama to ensure the expansion of health care provision to many people who would have been insured, but now enjoy coverage on their parents’ scheme until they reach 26years of age. The Affordable Care Act offers seniors similar benefits that would need individuals earning more than $200,000, to make contributions to the Medicare Trust Fund beginning starting in 2013. When evaluated the health care visions in the past and the current are noticeably

Film editing process Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Film editing process - Research Paper Example Video clips can be improved significantly by simply discarding unwanted or flawed bits. Another editing goal involves choosing the best footage. It is common for filmmakers to shoot far more footages than actually needed and then choose only the best material for the final cut. Often, several takes of a shot are filmed and the best one is chosen during editing.The other goal is to create a flow, since most videos are meant for a certain purpose, such as providing information or explaining a story. Thus, editing is a vital step in ensuring the video flows in a manner that achieves this goal. The part of editing that is considered most interesting is the addition of effects, music, graphics, etc. It involves improving the videos by adding extra elements. Another goal is the altering of the pace, style, or mood of the video, with a good editor having the ability to create in a video mood prompts that are subtle. Techniques such as visual effects and mood music can have a great influence on the reaction of the audience. The editor can also give the video a certain angle, which is tailoring the video in a way that it supports a certain viewpoint, serves an agenda, or imparts a message.Perhaps in order to understand film editing, it is important to look briefly into its history. Edwin S. Porter is considered the father of modern film editing. In 1903, he displayed his unprecedented ability to make a film and narrate a story from multiple shots, as opposed to just one whereby the entire story takes place in front of one stationary camera. Porter was the first to apply editing as a means of progressing the story of the film. He also defined numerous film transitions that play a major role in the theory of film editing. He was also the first to transform a found footage into a story he wished to narrate, with the story being unrelated to what the footage was initially intended to portray. This means he actually saw film editing as a form of art capable of narrating stor ies independently (Weynand 2005). Aims and objectives This essay undertakes a collaborative research in order to develop a framework for analyzing the film editing process together with all the related approaches, theories, and techniques. The essay will address the following aims and objectives: To provide a technical investigation covering the theory of film

Research Change Models Essay Example for Free

Research Change Models Essay To make meaningful and long-term change in an organization, an organization needs to follow the guidelines of a change model, a diagnostic instrument, and change intervention. This paper will discuss two change models, two diagnostic instruments, and two change interventions. Change Models The two change models discussed in this paper are Lewin’s Change Model and the Action Research Model. Both of these models give a map on how to create change. Lewin’s model simplifies the process into three steps while the Action Research Model consists of eight steps. Both models three phases: Research phase, changing phase, and solidification phase (Luckett, 2003). Lewin’s Change Model Lewin developed one of the very first models for change management (Luckett, 2003). He stated there are two types of people in an organization; those who resist change and those who strive for change (Luckett, 2003; JPC, 1995; Spector, 2007). He stated the two groups need to be of equal measure to maintain homeostasis (Luckett, 2003; JPC, 1995; Pellettiere, 2006; Spector, 2007). When both groups of people are equal, a frozed state (freeze) is achieved. Lewin (as cited by JPC, 1995) states a driving force is needed to either â€Å"strengthen the driving forces or weaken the restraining forces† to achieve change (para 3). Spector (2007) states, â€Å"to break the social habits that support existing patterns of behaviors, effective implementation needs to start with dissatisfaction, disequilibrium, and discomfort† (p. 29). When one side is strengthened and/or one side is weakened then change (move) can be achieved. During this time, the organization goes through redesign, new roles and responsibilities, and new relationships are made (Spector, 2007). After the change, or movement, is completed, the organization then needs to go back to a state of homeostasis (refreeze). Bridges (2003) echoed Lewin’s three stages to organizational change in his naming of the stages: Ending, losing, letting go; neutral zone, and New Beginning (Bridges, 2003, p. 5 as cited by Stragalas, 2010, p. 31). Lewin’s model with its three steps may be too simplistic for many organizations to achieve change. Without a less ambiguous map, the organization may not be able to sustain change. Action Research Model The Action Research Model consists of eight steps: Problem identification, consultation with behavioral science expert, data gathering and preliminary diagnosis, feedback to key client or group, joint diagnosis of problem, joint action planning, action, and data gathering after collection (Boonstra, 2003; Luckett, 2003). The last five stages can be perpetual. After the last data gathering, the organization should return to â€Å"feedback to key client or group†. Once the feedback is given, the group may want to continue through the next steps. Whereas the diagnosis is completed through the â€Å"unfreeze† in Lewin’s model, in the Action Research model, diagnosis is completed during the â€Å"problem identification, consultation, and data gathering steps† (Luckett, 2003, p. 25). The changing phase for Lewin is the â€Å"move† step. In the Action Research model, the changing phase occurs during the â€Å"feedback, joint diagnosis, action planning, and action steps† (Luckett, 2003, p. 26). In Lewin’s model, the solidified phase takes place during the refreeze. In the Action Research model, solidification takes place during the â€Å"gathering after the action† (Luckett, 2003, p. 26). Moreover, â€Å"the continual process of feedback analysis solidifies the changes as the occur† (Luckett, 2003, p. 27). Unlike the Lewin model, Action Research allows for perpetual analysis that â€Å"facilitates adjustments in the organizations change plan† (Luckett, 2003, p. 28). Diagnostic Instruments Diagnostic instruments, or assessment instruments, are used for data collection and to analyze an organization. Without a proper diagnosis, change is very likely to fail (Pellettiere, 2006). Alderfer (1980) states â€Å"organizational diagnosis proceeds in there orderly phases: entry, data collection, and feedback† (p. 460). The entry phase consists of identifying who will participate in the assessment and if an agreement can be reached (Alderfer, 1980). The data collection phase consists of collecting the information and then analysis of the information (Alderfer, 1980). The feedback phase consists of sharing the results with the organization along with suggestions for the organization (Alderfer, 1980; Preziosi, 2012). The feedback should consist of strengths and weaknesses within the organization (Alderfer, 1980). Salem (2002) states there are three type of assessments: structural assessments, functional assessments, and process assessments. Structural assessments are a snapshot of a specific point in time, functional assessments relates antecedents with actions and outcomes, and process assessments consists of collecting data over an extended period of time (Alderfer, 1980). SWOT Analysis SWOT Anlysis is an acronym which stands for strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats (Balamuralikrishna Dugger, 1995; Boonstra, 2003; Hughes, 2007; Mind Tools, 2012; RapidBI, 2010; Renault, 2012). According to Balamuralikrishna Dugger (1995), a SWOT analysis should cover the internal environment and external environment. In regards to education, the internal environment consists of â€Å"faculty and staff, the learning environment, current students, operating budget, various committees, and research programs† (Balamuralikrishna Dugger, 1995, para. 13). External environment includes â€Å"propective employers of graduates, parents and families of students, competing schools, population demographics, and funding agencies† (Balamuralikrishna Dugger, 1995, para. 14). SWOT analysis would be very beneficial to school systems. Understanding an organization’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats assists the organization and their leaders to develop a plan of change that will be meaningful, measurable, and achievable. Balamuralikrishna Dugger, 1995 give many drawbacks to the SWOT analysis. They warn against misusing information to â€Å"justify a previously decided course of action rather than used as a means to open up new possibilities† (Balamuralikrishna Dugger, 1995, para. 19). They also warn against being too concerned about labels. For example, in many instances threats can also be considered opportunities depending upon the mindset of the leader and/or organization (Balamuralikrishna Dugger, 1995). Functional Assessment Functional assessments are another diagnostic tool useful to organizations. Functional assessments look at antecedents, behaviors, reasons for the behaviors, and outcomes (Salem, 2002). Antecedents describe what happened before the behavior. The behavior refers to how a person(s) or organization responded to the antecedent. The next question one must ask is â€Å"why did the person(s)/organization act this way?† There are several reasons a person or organization responds the way they do. However, there are only a few categories for any given behavior: attention, avoidance/escape, and control/tangible (McConnell, Cox, Thomas, Hilvitz, 2001). Finding the reasoning behind a behavior can be very important in overcoming a behavior/resistance to change or to repeat desirable behaviors to change. Problems associated with functional assessments often revolve around lack of direction. What does the organization do with this data? Functional assessments should be followed by goals. Goa ls are long-term change for an organization. To achieve their goals, organizations need to develop short-term wins, also called objectives. Change Interventions Change interventions are the â€Å"planned programmatic activities aimed at bringing changes in an organization† (Sadhu, 2009, para. 1). Interventions are detailed maps to help an organization achieve its long-term change. Aligning Reward Systems through Objectives Objectives are a road map to achieving an organizations long-term goal. Objectives need to be SMART: specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and timely (Morrison, 2010). As employees or other stakeholders meet objectives, a reward system should be set in place. The reward system needs to be appropriate and balanced with regard to the objective and motivate the organization to meet the objective(s) by the deadline. Problems with reward systems include over compensating, under compensating, and the reward not being meaningful to the recipient (Cole, Harris, Bernerth, 2006; Morrison, 2010; Nevis, Melnick, Nevis, 2008; Sadhu, 2009. Polarity Management Intervention Morrison (2010) states there are benefits of embracing resistance. He states embracing resistance can speed up the change process, help build strong relationships, help all stakeholders to meet some of their own personal goals, and keeping leaders from â€Å"taking untimely or foolish action† (Morrison, 2010, para. 22). Johnson (1992) developed a table with four quadrants to â€Å"depict change initiators and resisters† for both individuals and teams. Using this table helps organizations to see the whole picture, understanding where individuals and the organization as a whole is at this time and how to get it individuals and teams from polar opposites to common ground so change can be made (Morrison, 2010). Downsides to Polarity Management Intervention include loosing individual creativity and freedom as well as neglect of personal needs (Morrison, 2010). References Aderfer, C.P. (1980). The methodology of organizational diagnosis. Professional Psychology, 11(3), 459-468. doi:10.0033-0175/80/1103-0459. Balamuralikrishna, R., Dugger, J.C. (1995). SWOT analysis: A management tool for initiating new programs in vocational schools. Journal of Vocational and Technical Education, 12(1), 5 pages. Retrieved from http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JVTE/v12n1/Balamuralikrishna.htm. Boonstra, J. (2003). Dynamics of organizational change and learning. Chichester: Wiley. Cole, M.S., Harris, S.G., Bernerth, J.B. (2006). Exploring the implications of vision, appropriateness, and execution of organizational change. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 27(5), 352-367. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437730610677963. Holt, D.T. (2002). Readiness for change: The development of a scale. Ph.D. dissertation, Auburn University, Alabama. ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. (Publication No. AAT 3070767. Huges, M. (2007). The tools and techniques of cha nge management. Journal of change management, 7(1), 37-49. doi: 10.1080/14697010309435. JPC (1995). An ethical, means based, approach to organizational change. JPC Media LLC. Retrieved from www.jpcmediallc.com. Linkage (2012). Diagnostic instruments and assessments. Linkage. Retrieved from linkageasia.com/our-leadership-consulting-expertise/diagnostic-instruements-assessments/ Luckett, M.T. (2003). Organizational change and development. (Unpublished dissertation). Walden University, Minneapolis, MN. McConnell, M.E., Cox, C.J., Thomas, D.D., Hilvitz, P.B. (2001). Functional

Sir Roger Penrose :: biographies biography bio

Sir Roger Penrose, was born in England, in Colchester, August 8, 1931. His parents were both highly educated. His mother Margaret Feathe was a doctor, and his father, Lionel Sharples Penrose, was a medical geneticist. He and his brothers Oliver and Jonathan all went into the sciences. Jonathan became a psychologist, while Oliver, the eldest, became a mathematician. Roger was groomed to be a doctor, but he swerved into another path when his school would not let him have biology, and mathematics as his focuses. He was allowed two, and he could not give up math. Needless to say, his parents were wroth with him for a time for disrupting their plans, but he went on to graduate from University College London with a bachellor of sciences in mathematics, winning First Class honors. He later became interested in physics, through the inspiration of Dirac, Turing and Godel. He attended their lectures at Cambridge and found them fascinating. However, he continued his works in mathematics, receiving a Ph.D in Algebraic Geometry. He is famous for his aperiodic tilings, his collaboration with Stephen Hawking on black holes, and especially for his books on consciousness such as The Emporer's New Mind. A less-well-known achievement on his part was the development of twistor geometry, a concept that will be explained in further depth later on. Queerly, everyone in mathematics and physics has heard of him, and every dabbler in puzzles and games has probably used his tilings. Many in England have probably even wiped with toilet paper bearing the pattern named after him. Yet he is not published in any standard biography of 20th century greats, he is known largely only by book reviews or in conjunction with Stephen Hawking. His personal life is closed off--all I found was some gossip that he had recently had a child with his wife (presumably, eh?) in his 60s, and that that wife's name was Vanessa Thomas, a consultant specializing in Mathematica teaching programs and how to use them. This after three hours searching newspapers, magazines, EBSCOhost and online resources. Yet he is regarded with awe in my circle of physics majors, his anti-AI books prompted ant anti-programming group based in Sweden to name themselves after him, and he has done research on fiundamental issues in physics today. Penrose is generally termed gentle. His handwriting is rounded and soft, similar to a childs loopy writing. An interview with him in Japan reveals a contemplative nature as he describes art that he and his wife encountered there.

Fun with Everyman the Play Essay

Introduction of the play â€Å"Everyman† is an English play, likely written before the end of the Fifteenth century. â€Å"Everyman† is considered one of the morality plays, with its Catholic and Christian morals ever present and mixing them within its entertainment value. The play is an example of an allegory, defined as, â€Å"The characters in an allegory often have no individual personality, but are embodiments of moral qualities and other abstractions. † (Allegory, 2010). The author, unknown, and lost to time, used powerfully named characters to represent characters any human may meet along their own personal journeys towards our own death. Everyman 2. Summary of the Characters The main character of the play is adeptly named Everyman, a representative of literally every human: Emotional, with needs and wants in life, he is broke. Not just broke, but busted. The messenger, an angel, a real good looking one, announces the treaty with God and tells the real title of the play, â€Å"The Summoning of Everyman† (Anonymous, 1:1:4) God, a real macho dude, with an almighty presence throughout the heavens says, â€Å"I perceive, here in my majesty, How that all creatures be to me unkind. † (Anonymous, 1:1:22-23). God has concerns that people have developed an unnatural desire for worldly goods like dope and sex and stuff. God talks about the 7 deadly sins, including shoplifting and capping each other, and people living only to serve themselves, not being waitresses and waiters to others. Tired of human crap, God calls Death, a real bad ass dude, to the scene to go find the character Everyman, to kick his ass, collect his shit, and bring him to the day of reckoning. Death leaves and finds Everyman going about his daily activities and his routines. Death tells Everyman, â€Å"YO yo†¦ That shall I show thee: a recognizing [God] he needs to have. † (Anonymous, 1:1:98-99). Death tells Everyman that the Day of Judgment is upon him. Everyman just doesn’t get it, he just wants to keep shopping at the mall for the newest Nike shoes. This judgment day can also be found mentioned in the Bible some where in Revelation 20:12-14, â€Å"†¦and the dead[they have a real bad stink] were judged according to the things written in the books[they used to be called encyclopedias, according to what they had done†¦They were all judged according to their good or dirty deeds. † (New International Version, my Edition). When Everyman looks at his imitation Rolex, he realizes that his time on earth is quickly coming to a halt,he hides his bong then he negotiates with Death to give him one more day to get his shit in order. Everyman’s case for needing more time is that Death surprised him with a shower reach for the soap moment, and should give him Just a little more time. Everyman needs the extra time to gather up his friends, his peeps and his gang to go with him on this journey to judgment day. Thru this journey, Everyman sees his friends and companions on earth flake out and fade away. His friends, the one’s Everyman thought were so good and important to him†¦they leave him abandoned, alone, at the side of life’s road in the end. He must have looked like a hooker on sunday morning. As Everyman faces each friend and companion leaving him, he calls, using his Verizon phone, on one of his last resorts as a friend, Good Deeds. Good Deeds is very physically weak, like a tweeker, because Everyman has not done many good deeds in his life time. She is the equivilant to a crack whore. Good Deeds asks her sister, Knowledge, to go with Everyman as he travels. Knowledge, as the name suggests, is smart and wise in the ways of the world, For snizzle. Knowledge takes Everyman to Confession, in a Catholic like ritual, not that I am a fan of Catholic rituals after watching Stigmata on DVD or anything.. After regaining some strength, maybe they used human growth hormones. Good Deeds joins Everyman on his journey, they share a doobie and walk on. Everyman arrives at his death, the grave. he shit his pants after he Lost his friends, Wits, Beauty and Strength, he only can take Good Deeds with him to heaven. He realizes all that money he spent on getting high on life was a total waste of money. At the end of the play, the character of the Doctor (may be a proctologist) comes into the frey, he gives advice to the audience, a final closing comment to be taken to heart, â€Å"†¦Take it of worth, young and old, and forsake pride for it deceiveth you in the end, and remember Beauty, Five Wits, Strength and Discression†¦ snizzle my nizzle. They all at the last do everyman forsake, save for his good deeds there doth he take. † (Anonymous, 902-906). Everyman 4. The author’s perception of an inevitable death. The author, anonymous, as he or she may be, has been lost in time. So they don’t get any credit for all the time they spent writing this crappy play. He, or she, uses great and wise insight in using his characters names to show the reader, or viewer of the play, that Everyman is subject to death just like anyone else. As Snoop Dog says, â€Å"Wez all gotta die, suckers. † The author makes the audience understand that any human is not able to escape death no matter how hard they try, or how much money they have in the bank. The author does a fine job using words to portraying Death as being an  understanding, patient character, although Death should have been a creature from Aliens, that would have made the play more interesting. The author makes his point clear that death does not spare the rich or the poor, the officer nor the gentleman, nor the wise or the foolish. The journey to death is one we will all have to make on our own, and most likely one we will make alone, cause we cant take all this shit with us. The author puts emphasis on Everyman’s refusal to go to his death willingly. Everyman was not properly prepared to go on this journey, he had yet to hire an attorney. This reflects the idea that no human is given the exact time of his or her death, so we all must be ready to die at any time. We are warned to have our shit and stuff in order. All of the assorted characters in Everyman’s life, his so-called friends are the authors representations of characters we humans have in our lives. The author makes a pinnacle point that the character, Death, answers to God’s beckoning or his will. It is God, not Death that decides ultimately who dies when and where†¦ its not if you get hurt, its when and how bad. Death is just the messenger, so don’t go shooting the messenger. The author puts value on what happens when anyone, or Everyman, dies. The author also points out the things that everyone will leave behind, for the relatives to fight over. Courage and wisdom is used To persuade Everyman to continue to move towards his ultimate goal of death. The author made a simple understanding of making sure that everyone does good deeds while they have time on earth. Practicing random acts of kindness, keeping the toilet seat down, and doing good deeds will help ones case when standing before God in judgment. All throughout the play uses the now famous stages of death and denial found in the book, Psychology, By D. G. Myers. Myers defines denial as, â€Å"A defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities. † (Myers pp. 558). Everyman has to come to terms with his own impending death. The author gives Everyman Knowledge as a companion for his death tour. This helped Everyman look a death a little differently, and helped him face up to his death, and to the truth about his fading group of friends, his gang sucked for sure. The author puts importance on Everyman’s act of confession and penance, and gives him credit for not wearing Ax deodorant spray cause that crap stinks. The character, Good Deeds, once sick and weak, apparantly addicted to meth or crack, becomes stronger in time after a stint in rehab. The author made his point that one cannot get into heaven by doing good deeds alone, but by accepting Jesus Christ as savior, or whatever god is hip at the time, with saving grace paying for one’s way into heaven. On critic and author stated about the plays end, â€Å"†¦Good Deeds weakness demonstrates that Everyman’s [the character] good works cannot merit salvation when he is guilty of unforgiving mortal sin. Only†¦penance will restore him to a state of grace, revive Good Deeds [the character], and make Everyman ready to render an account of his life before God. † (Paulson, 2007). Conclusion, and try not to copy my work word for word, dumbass. Everyman the morality play, once called, â€Å"The Summoning of Everyman† (Anonymous, 1:1:4) is a simple story about making amends in their life before it’s too late. Our treasures, our bling, real or imagined, here on Earth are not worth dying for. The promise is found in the Bible in Matthew 5:3, â€Å"God blesses those who realize their need for him, for the kingdom of Heaven is given to them. † (New International Version, Student Edition). One should try their best to live a good, holy life, have faith, worship God, don’t knife your friends, and practice good deeds to be ultimately rewarded with an afterlife with God in the Heavens. And then you can party like it’s 1999. If you can remember that far back. Bibliography Allegory. (2010). Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition, Retrieved June 21, 2012 from Academic Search Complete Database Dent, J. M. Everyman and Medieval Miracle Plays, (2007). C. E. Tuttle Co. Inc. Orion Publishing Group, Rutland, VT. USA. ISBN# 046087280x. Gyamfi, Y. A. and Schmidt, M. R. Literature and Spirituality, Everyman, (2011). By Persons Education, Glenview, IL. Myers, D. G. (2010). Psychology (9th Edition) New York, NY: Worth Publishers Paulson, J. (2007). Death’s Arrival and â€Å"Everyman’s† Separation. Theater Survey, 48, 121-141. Doi: 10. 1017/S00407000397.

Torsion Testing

Table of Contents Abstract3 1. 0 Introduction3 2. 0 Experiment Design4 2. 1 Apparatus5 2. 2 Methods5 2. 3 Procedure6 3. 0 Results and Discussion7 4. 0 Error Analysis13 5. 0 Conclusion and Recommendation13 6. 0 References14 Abstract In this torsion testing experiment, the torsion test was evaluated as a system for calculating the torsional rigidity (GJ), modulus of rigidity (G) and the shear yield stress (? ) for aluminium, mild steel and brass. The both ends of the cylindrical specimen are tightened to hexagonal sockets, which one is fixed to a torque shaft and another is fixed to an input shaft.By turning the input handwheel, the twisting moment has applied to produce the torque until the specimen fails. In the end of the experiment, it shows that the comparison of the behaviour of ductile and brittle materials under torsion. 1. 0 Introduction The responses of metals were deal by mechanical testing to applied forces. This testing includes torsion, tension, hardness, fatigue, creep a nd stress rupture, and impact tests. Torsion occurs when any shaft is subjected to a torque. The torque causes the shaft to twist. This makes one of the ends to rotate relative to the other; shear stress is induced on any cross section.Besides that, torsion testing is made on materials to determine modulus of elasticity in shear, torsion yield strength and the modulus of ruptures. The shearing stress at any point on a transverse cross section varies directly proportional as the distance from the centre of the shaft, when a simple circular solid shaft is twisted. Therefore, during twisting, the cross section is initially planar remains a plane and rotates only about the axis of the shaft. 2. 0 Experiment Design Figure 7: 360 degree protractor scale Figure 6: Three specimen mild steel (top), brass (middle), and aluminium (bottom) after experiment.Figure 5: Three specimen mild steel (top), brass (middle), and aluminium (bottom) before experiment. Figure 2: Torque meter Figure 3: Deflec tion arm, dial gauge, levelling handwheel and linear potential meter Figure 4: Input handwheel with 6 degree protractor scale Figure 1: Torsion testing machine 2. 1 Apparatus There were only few apparatus and materials involved in this experiment, such as: 1) 3 pieces of specimens (Aluminium, brass and mild steel) 2) Vernier Caliper 3) Torsion Testing Equipment 2. 2 Methods Firstly the apparatus was set up as shown in Figure 1.The torque meter was switched on to allow the reading appear on the screen which connected to the torsion testing machine. Three specimens was carried out, mild steel, brass and aluminium. Each specimen was placed at the hexagonal sockets and it was tightened with the deflection arm. The handwheel was turn 90 degree each time to take the reading for angle of twist from the 360 protractor scale and torque from the torque meter of each specimen. Therefore, 12 readings were taken and evenly distributed. After taking the 12 readings, the handwheel was continuously turned until the specimen was fracture.By the time the specimen was fractured, this shows that the maximum torque and the maximum angle of twist of the specimen. All the readings were recorded in a table form and calculations were done using the equations shown at section Results and Discussion. 2. 3 Procedure 1. The specimen as shown in figure 2 below was used for testing. The mild steel specimen was mounted on the torsion testing machine at position no. 4. 2. It was made sure that on the specimen there was no preload. Before starting the experiment, the hand wheel at the input of the worm gear was turned when necessary until the read out of the amplifier is zero.There was still zero error on the amplifier. 3. Both the indicators at the input and output shaft of the worm gear was set to zero. 4. The dial gauge of the compensation unit was set to zero. 5. The revolution counter was reset. 6. The hand wheel was turned through 90 ° and the Scale Reading at Worm gear input was recor ded in revolution(degrees) and the torque value was recorded in digital torque meter(6). 3. 0 Results and Discussion T/J = ? /R = G? /L Torsion equation TJ= G? L G=TLJ? ?=? d^432 Where T = Torque applied, Nm G = shear modulus, N/mm2 J = Polar moment of inertia, mm2 ? = Angle of twist, radianL = Gauge Length, mm ? = shear stress, N/mm2 r = radius of the cylindrical bar, mm J=? d432=? (5)432=61. 36mm2 1) For mild steel, for example using point (7. 25, 17) G=TLJ? =7. 25(115)61. 36 0. 2974=45. 80N/mm2 ?=TRJ=7. 25(2. 5)61. 36=0. 295N/mm2 For brass, for example using point (5. 85, 17) G=TLJ? =5. 85(115)61. 36(0. 297)=36. 95N/mm2 ?=TRJ=5. 85(2. 5)61. 36=0. 238N/mm2 2) Torsional rigidity is ratio of torque applied about the centroidal axis of a bar at one end of the bar to the resulting torsional angle, when other end is held fixed means torsional rigidity =torqueangle For mild steel, Torsional rigidity = 7. 2517=0. 26 For brass, Torsional rigidity = 5. 8517=0. 344 Therefore, torsional rigi dity of mild steel is higher than brass. 3) Specimen: Mild Steel Scale Reading at Worm gear input in Revolution (degrees)| Angle of Twist of Specimen (col. 1/62)| Torque (N. m)| 90| 0| 0. 05| 180| 0| 0. 05| 270| 2| 0. 05| 360| 4| 0. 05| 450| 5| 0. 10| 540| 8| 0. 10| 630| 9| 0. 10| 720| 10| 0. 35| 810| 11| 1. 25| 900| 12| 2. 85| 990| 14| 5. 00| 1080| 17| 7. 25| Until fracture| 4092| 21. 05| Specimen: Brass Scale Reading at Worm gear input in Revolution (degrees)| Angle of Twist of Specimen (col. 1/62)| Torque (N. m)| 90| 1| 0. 05| 180| 4| 0. 5| 270| 5| 0. 15| 360| 6| 0. 55| 450| 7| 1. 00| 540| 8| 1. 80| 630| 9| 2. 80| 720| 11| 3. 95| 810| 14| 4. 95| 900| 15| 5. 55| 990| 16| 5. 80| 1080| 17| 5. 85| Until fracture| 1047| 14. 50| Specimen: Aluminium Scale Reading at Worm gear input in Revolution (degrees)| Angle of Twist of Specimen (col. 1/62)| Torque (N. m)| 90| 1| 0. 05| 180| 2| 0. 15| 270| 4| 0. 20| 360| 6| 0. 30| 450| 8| 0. 45| 540| 9| 0. 85| 630| 10| 1. 40| 720| 11| 2. 30| 810| 13 | 3. 20| 900| 15| 4. 20| 990| 17| 5. 25| 1080| 18| 6. 35| Until fracture| 311| 13. 50| Graph of torque against angle of twist of specimen (mild steel, brass and aluminium) ) Ductility is ability to deform under tensile stress when subject to stress; brittle materials absorb relatively little energy power to fracture. For ductile material, it will produce fracture surface along the plane of the maximum shear stress. For brittle material, the fracture plane is normal to the directions of tensile stress. Mild steel is the most ductile compared to brass and aluminium. Therefore, torque is the highest in mild steel. Aluminium is the most brittle compared to mild steel and brass. Therefore, torque is the lowest in aluminium. 5) Cast iron fractures more easily than mild steel.Mild steel need more revolution at the worm gear input to fracture the specimen. This is because cast iron is more brittle than mild steel, it is loss ductile. Cast iron has high carbon content causing it to be very b rittle and is weak in tension. 4. 0 Error Analysis From the results we obtained, there was a certain error happened. Firstly, the input handwheel with 6 degree protractor scale and the 360 degree protractor scale was not pointing at the zero reading. Thus, this causes zero error in the reading. Secondly, the deflection arm and levelling handwheel was tightened up with the specimen in between the shaft.However, the specimen was not really tight, which the specimen was not really sustained in the place, whereas it still turned while the handwheel was turning and the torque of the specimen was not accurate. Therefore, the readings obtained might deviate from the correct one. 5. 0 Conclusion and Recommendation To conclude, ductile materials have higher torsional rigidity, modulus of rigidity and shear yield stress and it fractures at higher value of angle of twist, whereas brittle materials have lower torsional rigidity, modulus of rigidity and shear yield stress and it fractures at low er value of angle of twist.In this experiment, it shows that mild steel is the most ductile material while aluminium is the most brittle material compared to mild steel and brass. To improve the results, it is important to keep the diameter constant and vary the length of the material to find the mean value so it is more accurate and the zero error is eliminated to find the actual value. The torsion testing machine should be changed, as it is old and less accurate. 6. 0 References 1) â€Å"Laboratory Handbook†, Taylor’s University, 2012/2013. ) J. L. Meriam and L. G. Kraige, 2006, Engineering Mechanics Statics. 6th Ed. 3) http://www. scribd. com/doc/136565/Mechanics-of-Materials-Torsion-Test 4) http://www. ce. siue. edu/330L/Lab%20Help%20Desk/Metal%20Torsion%20Test/Metal%20Torsion. pdf 5) http://www. scribd. com/doc/50848950/4/TORSION-TEST-ON-MILD-STEEL-ROD 6) http://eng. sut. ac. th/metal/images/stories/pdf/Lab_4Torsion_Eng. pdf 7) http://encyclopedia2. thefreediction ary. com/torsional+rigidity

Manuela Sáenz, Simon Bolivars Lover and Rebel

Manuela Senz, Simon Bolivar's Lover and Rebel Manuela Senz (Dec. 27, 1797–Nov. 23, 1856) was an Ecuadorian noblewoman who was the confidante and lover of Simà ³n Bolà ­var before and during the South American wars of Independence from Spain. In September 1828, she saved Bolivars life when political rivals tried to assassinate him in Bogot: this earned her the title the Liberator of the Liberator. She is considered a national hero in her native city of Quito, Ecuador. Fast Facts: Manuela Senz Known For: Latin American revolutionary and mistress of Simon BolivarBorn: Dec. 27, 1797 in Quito, New Granada (Ecuador)Parents: Simà ³n Senz Vergara and Marà ­a Joaquina AizpurruDied: Nov. 23, 1856 in Paita, PeruEducation: La Concepcion Convent in QuitoSpouse: James Thorne (m. July 27, 1817, d. 1847)Children: None Early Life Manuela was born on December 27, 1797, the illegitimate child of Simà ³n Senz Vergara, a Spanish military officer, and Ecuadorian Marà ­a Joaquina Aizpurru. Scandalized, her mother’s family threw her out and Manuela was raised and schooled by nuns at the La Concepcion Convent convent in Quito, a place where she would receive a proper upper-class upbringing. Young Manuela caused a scandal of her own when she was forced to leave the convent at the age of 17 when it was discovered that she had been sneaking out to have an affair with a Spanish army officer. She then moved in with her father. Marriage In 1814, Manuelas father arranged for her to marry James Thorne, an English doctor who was a good deal older than she was. In 1819 they moved to Lima, then the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Thorne was wealthy, and they lived in a grand home where Manuela hosted parties for Lima’s upper class. In Lima, Manuela met high-ranking military officers and was well-informed about the different revolutions taking place in Latin America against Spanish rule. She sympathized with the rebels and joined the conspiracy to liberate Lima and Peru. In 1822, she left Thorne and returned to Quito. It was there that she met Simà ³n Bolà ­var. Simà ³n Bolà ­var Although Simà ³n was about 15 years older than she, there was an instant mutual attraction. They fell in love. Manuela and Simà ³n did not see one another as much as they would have liked, as he allowed her to come on many, but not all, of his campaigns. Nevertheless, they exchanged letters and saw each other when they could. It wasn’t until 1825–1826 that they actually lived together for a time, and even then he was called back to the fight. The Battles of Pichincha, Junà ­n, and Ayacucho On May 24, 1822, Spanish and rebel forces clashed on the slopes of Pichincha volcano, within sight of Quito. Manuela actively participated in the battle, as a combatant and supplying food, medicine, and other aid to the rebels. The rebels won the battle, and Manuela was awarded the rank of lieutenant. On August 6, 1824, she was with Bolà ­var at the Battle of Junà ­n, where she served in the cavalry and was promoted to captain. Later, she would also aid the rebel army at the Battle of Ayacucho: this time, she was promoted to Colonel at the suggestion of General Sucre himself, Bolà ­vars second-in-command. Assassination Attempt On September 25, 1828, Simà ³n and Manuela were in Bogot, in the San Carlos Palace. Bolà ­vars enemies, who did not want to see him retain political power now that the armed struggle for independence was winding down, sent assassins to murder him in the night. Manuela, thinking quickly, threw herself between the killers and Simà ³n, which allowed him to escape through the window. Simà ³n himself gave her the nickname that would follow her for the rest of her life: the liberator of the liberator. Later Life and Death Bolà ­var died of tuberculosis in 1830. His enemies came to power in Colombia and Ecuador, and Manuela was not welcome in these countries. She lived in Jamaica for a while before finally settling in the small town of Paita on the Peruvian coast. She made a living writing and translating letters for sailors on whaling ships and by selling tobacco and candy. She had several dogs, which she named after her and Simà ³n’s political enemies. She died on Nov. 23, 1856, when a diphtheria epidemic swept through the area. Unfortunately, all of her possessions were burned, including all of the letters she had kept from Simà ³n. Art and Literature The tragic, romantic figure of Manuela Senz has inspired artists and writers since before her death. She has been the subject of numerous books and a movie, and in 2006 the first-ever Ecuadorian produced and written opera Manuela and Bolà ­var opened in Quito to packed houses. Legacy Manuela’s impact on the independence movement is greatly underestimated today, as she is remembered mostly as Bolivars lover. In fact, she actively participated in the planning and funding of a good deal of rebel activity. She fought at Pichincha, Junà ­n, and Ayacucho and was recognized by Sucre himself as an important part of his victories. She often dressed in the uniform of a cavalry officer, complete with a saber. An excellent rider, her promotions were not merely for show. Finally, her effect on Bolà ­var himself should not be underestimated: many of his greatest moments came in the eight years they were together. One place where she has not been forgotten is her native Quito. In 2007, on the occasion of the 185th anniversary of the Battle of Pichincha, Ecuadorian president Rafael Correa officially promoted her to â€Å"Generala de Honor de la Repà ºblica de Ecuador,† or â€Å"Honorary General of the Republic of Ecuador.† In Quito, many places such as schools, streets, and businesses bear her name. Her history is required reading for schoolchildren. There is also a museum dedicated to her memory in old colonial Quito. Sources Josà © Vilalta, Marà ­a Historia De Las Mujeres Y Memoria Histà ³rica: Manuela Senz Interpela a Simà ³n Bolà ­var (1822–1830). Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe / European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 93 (2012): 61–78.McKenna, Amy. Manuela Senz, Latin American Revolutionary. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2016.Murray, Pamela S. Loca or Libertadora?: Manuela Senz in the Eyes of History and Historians, 1900–C.1990. Journal of Latin American Studies 33.2 (2001): 291–310.Of Love and Politics: Reassessing Manuela Senz and Simà ³n Bolà ­var, 1822–1830. History Compass 5.1 (2007): 227–50.For Glory and Bolivar: The Remarkable Life of Manuela Senz. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2008.Von Hagen, Victor W. The Four Seasons of Manuela: A Biography. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1952.

Chinese Wedding Dresses

Chinese Wedding Dresses At most Chinese weddings, the bride wears a qipao. At many Chinese weddings, the bride wears more than one Chinese wedding dress. Most brides opt for three dresses one red qipao, one white, Western-style wedding gown, and a third ball gown. The bride will begin the wedding banquet with one dress of these dresses. After three courses are served, the bride usually changes into her second Chinese wedding dress. After the sixth course, the bride will change once again into her third Chinese wedding dress. Some brides may opt for a fourth Chinese wedding dress to be worn as when greeting guests as they leave the wedding party. The groom typically wears one or two suits. While some grooms may opt for a traditional Zhongshan suit  or Mao suit, it is more likely to see older guests wearing a Mao suit. Instead, most grooms wear tuxedos or Western-style business suits. In addition to the Chinese wedding dresses worn on the wedding day, the bride and groom may either wear the same dresses for their Chinese wedding photos or wear a completely different set of clothing. Wedding guests usually wear bright colors especially red which symbolizes luck and wealth in Chinese culture. Guests should avoid white, which is reserved for the bride, and black, which is considered a somber color. More About Chinese Weddings How to Plan a Traditional Chinese WeddingAll About Chinese EngagementsWhat to Know About Chinese Wedding GiftsChinese Wedding Rituals

US foreign policy during the Iraq Iran war Essay

US foreign policy during the Iraq Iran war - Essay Example The foreign policy of America is very influential to the world since it is the only super power left. The US foreign policy towards Iraq was illegitimate since it contravened the procedures and justifications provided by the United Nation’s charter. The UN charter stipulates clearly the procedures that should be followed by a country to perpetrate coercion or violence to another state. The UN charter is the only legitimate basis that a country can use to attack another sovereign state since it has been reached through consensus by the member states forming the United Nations. The United States of America acted in total disregard of this charter and used its influence in the world to attack the regime of Saddam Hussein, condemning it of threatening the world peace. Iraq was supported by America during its war with Iran; it was assisted both financially and technologically. The US supported Saddam despite the fact that it knew that it was Iraq that had invaded Iran as a result o f border disputes which had been in existence for several years. The US used its foreign policies in an attempt to solve the crisis but was biased since it decided to support one side.The war was also as a result of suspicions of Shia insurgency which was influenced largely by the revolution in Iran. The United States of America supported the Iraq government and as a result about half a million people died comprising soldiers from both countries and civilians too. A lot of economic loss was also lost, the US which was supposed to use its foreign policies to enable it to effectively play the role of big brother to help the two countries resolve their differences, instead took sides in the war which only made matters worse. In fact, before the war began, American president, Carter, gave Saddam Hussein and his government the much needed green light for him to invade Iran. Zbigniew Brzezinski, the United States national security advisor met the Iraq president in Jordan so as to discuss how the two nations can join their efforts to oppose Iran on the issue of the border disputes which was the main contentious issue between the Iranians and the Iraqis (Gerber, Para 7-8). Brzezinski recommended in a memorandum, the destabilization of Iran by the US government by use of the surrounding countries. Although, the government of the united states of America denied any involvement in the Iraq-Iran war in the early 1980s, a few months before Iraq invaded Iran the US security advisor indicated that US was willing to work with Iraq. Just two months before Saddam Hussein invaded Iran, Brzezinski assured him that US was fully behind the Iraq government and that US was not opposed to the separation of the Khuzestan which was part of Iran. In this case the united states used their influence to attack Iran through Iraq and thus its foreign policies could not be said to be for the welfare of the world but for the good of the Americans and their allies and thus if a country is opposed to the opinion of the united states of America like Iran was in the 1980 war then it might be attacked either directly or through its neighbors by the US government (Gerber, Para 5). By the end of the US sponsored war both Iraq and Iran were devastated both economically and politically. The two countries had lost a lot of property and thousands of lives. Had the US kept off the war could not have reached such high magnitudes and thus such losses could have minimal. The US foreign policy in Iraq during the Iraq Iran war was favorable to the Iraqis but very unfavorable to the Iranians (Hiltermann, pp 180). US foreign policy during the 2003 Iraq war Things later changed when the regime of Saddam Hussein was blamed by the American government to threaten the world peace by manufacturing weapons of mass destruction. Again the