What Is Going Green Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

What Is Going Green - Essay Example Due to the massive and colossal damage that the global warming is bringing to the universe, going green is one of the solutions through which the human populace can protect and safeguard it. While going green, it means that the humankind is making an effort to sustain, uphold, and preserve the natural resources, organisms and structures, and at the same time creates an equilibrium and natural stability in the atmospheric conditions. Several ethical values of attempts can come under practice in order to survive and reside a green life, which include plowing of plants and trees in every available properties, promote aforestation, and appall deforestation. In addition, they include safeguarding the wildlife creatures, evade all the prospects that contribute to pollution, promote recycling of products that are not eco-friendly and many more (Brainworks, pp. 4-18, 2009). Few of the natural resources of the universe have come under damage, and now the universe is only left with limited and certain amount of natural resources, which if maintained, the future generations would be able to utilize it, therefore, it has become very important to conserve the restricted natural resources that are present to the humanity. Every individual should contribute in making the world a greener place so that the young generation can have a healthy place to live and survive, and his or her future becomes bright (Brainworks, pp. 4-18, 2009). ... Every individual should contribute in making the world a greener place so that the young generation can have a healthy place to live and survive, and his or her future becomes bright (Brainworks, pp. 4-18, 2009). Benefits of Going Green Going green and adding value to the maintenance and protecting the universe leads to several benefits. Going green is one of the finest and superlative attempts that bring a great deal of help in the saving the earth that is like a mother, as the people have already contributed to a great extent in the immense and mammoth destructions through bloodshed, wars, deforestations, and several other reasons (Sleeth, pp. 345-360, 2009). Aforestation that includes cultivation of more and more trees on unused lands and soils, and discourage deforestation from which several products come under production, and preservation of the wildlife are one of the leading and pivotal solutions that augment the environment to go green. This will help the air from pollution a nd provide a more natural atmospheric climate that add more value to the green environment and would eventually benefit the entire populace of the world (Chiras, pp. 229-234, 2010). Numerous people are unacquainted and unconscious about the fact that the widespread and frequently used household products contain dangerous pesticides that may produce harm to their bodies on a constant basis. However, by going green and switching to products that are environmentally safe, it not only saves the world, but the health of the people will also have an optimistic and constructive effect and will lead to a healthier life (Sleeth, pp. 3-15, 2009). In addition, the houses are important and

Data Mining in Chain Hotels Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Data Mining in Chain Hotels - Assignment Example Databases can be used by several users seeking businesses in this sector. It helps them to overcome challenges of competition and meet the demands of the market. Â  This study seeks to develop a database for hotel chain management operating 20 hotels in 4 countries. The data mining for the store of information for each hotel and performs analysis with regard to the given hotel. For each hotel the data warehouse will store its name, type, address, country, region, postcode, phone number, and the name of the manager. The data also include different types of rooms like single, double, family, suits, etc. Each room may also incorporate certain optional features, such as refrigerator, kitchenette, or laundry. The system should have each room described as room’s type, size, number of beds, the maximum number of customers, refrigerator (Boolean), kitchenette (Boolean), laundry (Boolean). The capacity of the hotel chain to accommodate customers is limited. The database should help the management on how to price the hotel rooms in order to realize maximum revenue collection. Looking at the capacity of the hotel over time given in the data ware house, they can easily come up with the prices. Comparison between the occupancy rate (utilization) and the vacancy rate is considered. Â  The hotel chain’s capacity to accommodate customers is limited. Each hotel has a set number of rooms. The primary source of revenue is accommodation in hotel rooms. The biggest challenge the company faces is determining how to price the hotel rooms. If they are priced low, the hotels will be constantly booked and therefore customers will be forced to try other hotels in competition with The Grande Chat and if the rooms are priced too high, a lot of rooms will remain empty. The hotel chain management wants to realize profits. The only way is to use the data mining to realize their underlying, interesting patterns and relationships that lie hidden within the analysis (Data mining).

Stigmatization A Mental Health Clinical Case Analysis Nursing Essay

Stigmatization A Mental Health Clinical Case Analysis Nursing Essay During my mental health clinical rotation at Karwan-e-hayat, I encountered a 45 year old female patient with the diagnosis of Obsessive compulsive disorder and depression in her rehabilitative phase. She gave Rs 50/- to the nursing assistant to bring nimco for her which costed Rs 25/-. The nursing assistant returned with the nimco but did not returned the rest Rs 25/- to the patient by saying that no money was left. When the patient reported the incident to the nurse, the nurse did not pay any attention to the patient. In the beginning the nurse said that she dont have time to talk about it followed by the statements such as Unlike you, I have too much work to do and then when the patient went to another nurse, she ignored the patient also by saying that The nursing assistant would not have been lying. Patients like you come and go from here every day saying these kinds of things. Go and do your work. The patient went away quietly looking down. Later she verbalized Nobody takes us se riously as we are mentally ill patients. So we cant do anything. Furthermore she said Does being mentally ill means we are not humans? Stigma is a Greek word meaning mark, and is derived from the verb stizein to tattoo, to prick, to puncture. Stigma is usually a mark of disgrace or infamy, which leads to action: discrimination against the stigmatised person (Arboleda-Fl ´orez Sartorius, 2008, P.69). stigma occurs when leading social group diminishes the qualities of a less influential group. Stigma in health care is a very common entity for many groups of the community. One of which is psychiatric patients. People identified as having mental health problems are one of the most marginalised groups in society (Martin, 2009, p.6) The above mentioned case is an example of such cases whereby a mentally ill patient was stigmatized in the hospital settings by the health care professional. Many patients and surveys have highlighted this sheer reality that health care professionals themselves display stigmatizing behaviors and practices (Hinshaw, 2007). Moreover, they depict dehumanizing behavior and lowered expectation towards mentally ill. In this case scenario, the health care professional directly passed on stigmatizing comments to the client. According to Hinshaw, (2007), the health care providers sometimes use frequent comments which are hurtful jokes for the clients. They often use judgmental terms for the patients with one another in the presence of the patient, as though the patients were not even present there. This behavior from the side of the health care provider makes the patient doubt their own self, leading towards self-stigmatization (Hinshaw, 2007). This self-stigmatization in turn makes the patie nts doubt their own self-esteem, lowering their own self-image (Hinshaw, 2007; Link, Struening, Todd, Asmussen, Phelan, 2001). One of the accounts presented by Hinshaw in 2007 clearly states that a kid has internalized the belief that his grandmother punishes him because of his misbehavior as a child and self-blaming himself for the adult psychiatric episodes which he was having. In this way, public stigma makes the patients think that there is something wrong with them and they dont deserve to exist in this world. Many mentally ill people want to get settled in the society but are unable to do so because the world stigmatizes them, the health care professionals stigmatize them and then they doubt their own credibility ending up in self-stigmatizing their own selves. According to former U.S. surgeon David satchers report on mental illness of 1999, he clearly concluded that stigma leads to low self-esteem, isolation, and hopelessnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, it deprives people of their digni ty and interferes with their full participation in society. (Satcher, 1999) That clearly highlights the effected abilities of the individual on the grounds of mental illness. According to the writer, self-stigma is inevitable. This highlighted effect of self-stigma is clearly evident in the case scenario presented above by the action of the patient herself, which she has looked down and moved away. This lowered self-esteem in turn brings out hopelessness in the clients (Link, Struening, Todd, Asmussen, Phelan, 2001). Like the client in the given case scenario says that nobody takes us seriously. We cant do anything. That clearly identifies the notion of hopelessness that the patient has no hopes from life and has accepted clear defeat because of the stigma associated with mental illness. The next question is how does stigma affects the rehabilitation of the mentally ill patients. How does it affect the coping skills of the mentally ill patients? What are the coping mechanisms of the mentally ill patients which they use in stigma? What are the coping mechanisms of the patients with neurosis who are well aware of the reality and understand this notion of stigma, as opposed to the psychosis patients. According to literature, many a times, the stigma posed is due to many of the bizarre symptoms caused by psychosis and the patients with neuroses also have to take it as they all fall under the category of mental illness for the laymen regardless of psychosis and neurosis (Hinshaw, 2007). According to the ethical principle E of the American psychiatric association, the patients have the right of dignity and respect regardless of any differences; that implies to both psychosis and neurosis (Lowman, 2005). The psychotic patient as mentioned earlier is away from the reality co ntent but they surely understand that they are being treated wrongly. (Levine Levine, 2009) They are not able to think rationally but surely they are human beings and are witnessing what is going on with them. Many a times we witness that they cry over small things which are going wrong with them. They are witnessing the behavior of the health care provider but are unable to interrelate it to their past experience. Regardless of the psychosis, it is wrong to treat them any bad so how bad can it be for the neurosis client whose reality content is intact and who can rationalize everything that is going on with them and who can interrelate these aspects with their past and then can feel the shame (Hinshaw, 2007). The patient in the above mentioned case scenario would be forced to think if something is wrong with her resulting in feelings of shame and guilt. This guilt in turn takes the patient in the situation of self-stigmatization which leads on to hopelessness which clearly affects the coping mechanism of the individual since if the person would be hopeless towards his illness, the reconstitution would be delayed (Hinshaw, 2007). Stigmatization affects the personal response of the patient which is a vital part of process of coping. The personal responses are individualized and can change over time. Many a times, the strategy which patients use to avoid stigma and to preserve their self-esteem is secrecy, which preserves their self-esteem but isolates the individual from social support (Satcher, 1999; Hinshaw, 2007). stigma has an important part in determining public health consequences by revealing stigmatized individuals to health-harmful conditions, by aggregating stress, declining coping, and by putting a barrior to receiving health care (Link Phelan, 2006). According to Corrigan and Watson (2002) as cited in hinsaw, 2007 there are many new reasons emerging to justify the reason for some individuals to respond with anger whereas some to nerely ignore the stigma and move on with their lives whilst some internalize the negative message while hurting their self-image. If stigma-related threat is believed to be of greater magnitude than ones coping responses, several types of voluntary and involuntary reactions can come about, like lowered self-esteem, reduced achievement, and compromised physical health. (Hinshaw, 2007) Several questions arise Looking upon the behavior of the health care professional such as is the attitude of the nurse justifiable? Would she have had the same stigmatized responsein the case of another pfysically ill patient? If she would have then she is not following the ethical principle E of the American psychological association of respect of peoples right and dignity. This principle clearly states that the regardless of the awareness of the disability, the health care provider has to maintain the respect of the patient. For the violation of this ethical principle, who is responsible? The nurse or the society to see all the mentally ill patients on a single wavelength and stigmatize them. Who is accountable for it? The nurse or the hospital settings or either the society to be accountable for such stigmatization? Would the same behavior have happened in the western settings? If the patient would have sued the in the court, whose statements would be more valued and listened to t he nurses or the mentally ill clients who is savaged and stigmatized in the community by the names of irrational and unthinkable. Many accounts of the depressed patients state the fact that they are not been taken seriously while giving some statements because of the stigma associated whereas if some other person of pathological chronic condition gives the same statement, it is taken seriously (Shaw, 1998). In the settings of the above mentioned case scenario, would anyone have had listened to her that her rights are being violated or would this all be given the name of mental illness and let go of? One more side of stigmatization comes when we tease normal people by the names of the stigmatized people to embarrass them. In everyday life, language patterns indicates an anxiety with mental disorder across all age groups with a host of terms related to mental illness used to scapegoat and humiliate those who violate social norms. They are associated with mentally ill and words like psycho and wacho are used to compare people who go against social norms in the western community (Hinshaw, 2007). Whereas, no literature is to be found for the usage of such words due to the lack of researches in this field. Usage of variants of such terms at young ages signals the pervasiveness of the criticism of persons with mental disorders. Indeed, judgmental tags of retard or crazy are among the first terms used by children who havent even started their schoolings yet to relegate socially rejected friends in the west. (Hinshaw, 2007) Media also plays important role in stigmatizing the mentally ill . Media differs in east and west which directly effects pattern of stigmatizing. People with psychotic-level disorders, as well as milder disturbances, were portrayed as ignorant, dangerous, dirty, unkind, and unpredictable. (Hinshaw, 2007, p.118) The model which could best be incorporated in this is Link and Phelans model of stigma. In this model stigma is processed by many different components. First one is on distinguishing and labeling differences(Link Phelan, 2001). Most of the differences are usually ignored but sometimes they are not overlooked at and thus labeled. In my clinical case scenario, the patient was labeled as mentally ill having no work to do. The second component is on associating human differences with negative attributes(Link Phelan, 2001). This occurs when the labeled differences are linked to stereotypes and so my patients mental illness was stereotyped as workless people. The third component is of on separating us from them which brings the notion of stigmatization(Link Phelan, 2001). In the above mentioned case scenario also, the patient was referred to as out group as evidenced by the statement patients like you come and go each day but we have work to do, clearly defining the notion of us versus them. The last component is status loss and discrimination(Link Phelan, 2001). In the status loss, patient is connected to undesirable characteristics that reduce his or her status in the eyes of the stigmatizer. In this case, the undesirable characteristic was that mentally ill patients are laid off and redundant where as we are working people so we are higher than them and in this way stigmatized people are put down at the bottom of the hierarchy. Keeping in view the principles of American psychiatric association, the strategies which I would like to pose in this context is the nurse should look in the matter and confirmed the case with the nursing assistant as well as to the shop from which the nursing assistant got the nimco from. Moreover, nursing assistants should be taught all the rights of the patients so that being a health care provider; they would follow all the ethical principles. On an institutional level, a system should be made in which patients can have some responsible person to take care of these things instead of asking anyone they can get their hands on to. To conclude, not much research has been done on this issue of mental health and proper awareness does not exist in this society. More researches needs to be done to address this issue as stigma in mental health persists all around the world. Strategies needed to be thought about to remove this factor of stigma. More education sessions about this needs to be done on the clinical side to make the nurses and other health care providers aware of what the rights of the patients are and a check and balance system should be there to acknowledge either those rights have been followed and fulfilled or not. (word count: 2201 words) References Arboleda-Fl ´orez, J., Sartorius, N. (Eds.). (2008). Understanding the Stigma of Mental Illness: Theory and Interventions. New Delhi, India: Aptara. Hinshaw, S. P. (2007). The Mark of Shame. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. Husted, J. H., Husted, L. G. (2008). Ethical Decision Making in Nursing and Health Care (4th ed.). New York, USA: springer publishing company. Link, B. G., Struening, E. L., Todd, S. N., Asmussen, S., Phelan, J. C. (2001). Stigma as a barrier to recovery-The consequences of Stigma for the self-esteem of people with mental illnesses. Psychiatric Services, 52(12), 1621-1626. Link, B. G., Phelan, J. C. (2006). Stigma and its public health implications. Lancet, 367, 528-529 Link, B. G., Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing Stigma. Annual Reviews, 27, 363-85. Levine, J., Levine, L.S. (2009). Schizophrenia for dummies. Canada: Wiley Publisher. Lowman, R. L. (2005). Respect for Peoples Rights and Dignity. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment Trauma, 11(1), 71 77. Martin, N. (2009). From Discrimination to Social Inclusion. Australia: Queensland Alliance. Shaw, F. (1998). Mistaken identity. Lancet, 352, 1051. Satcher, D. (1999). Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: Department of health and human services.

Video Game Violence Starter :: essays research papers

Video Game Violence Admiring the smooth barrel and full clip of bullets in his Sig model 552 Commando, Landros sat near the limestone corner listening to the footsteps and gunfire down the next hallway. Making sure not to be caught off guard by a lone commando, he set down a few claymore mines in the corridor behind him. Listening to the screams of both Terrorist and Counter-Terrorist clicked something in his mind... Time to clean up! Sprinting around the corner, two Terrorist bodies lay with their death weapons sprawled about. Three Counter-Terrorists were left alive but two terrorists down the hall were making a stand off with pistols. "This could be a movie." He thought to himself. Hauling past the lead filled crates and two dead bodies, he stop and braced himself for the explosive recoil of his deadly tool. Shell casings littered the hallway like marbles in a kids movie, making it extremely hard to walk. The first Counter-Terrorist, or CT, took three pierces from the 5.56 millimeter bullets then dropped to the floor. The middle CT did not notice his comrade drop because he was too far ahead, the one reloading his Colt M4A1 behind a crate however did and began to fumble the clip, he was quickly exterminated of. The remaining Counter-Terrorist emptied his clip and took cover from the returning 50 calibers. Sensing his comrades had either left him or died, the latter being the most likely, loaded his Steyr AUG like a lightning bolt. Being fixated on the gun, he completely forgot about Landros standing upon the crate waiting to see the whites of his eyes. Like a badly timed black and white taking bullets from a LA gang fight, the map changes and the chance to take exact revenge is lost. But not for long. Your probably wondering how a Map change happens in a gun fight between Counter-Terrorist and Terrorist and how the Terrorist was able to acquire a Sig Model 522 "Commando" and Army issue Claymore mines. Well in the world of First Person Shooters (or Half-Life MOD Counter-Strike specifically) these are items that are readily available to the user with the required amount of credits. Welcome to the World of Gaming. April 20th, 1999. Several small explosions rocked the entrance and surrounding area of Littleton, Colorado's Columbine Highschool. Soon after gunshots and a stampede of screaming bodies flooded the hallways of the school.

Operational plans Essay

‘The Office Assistant’ is a retail store that sells office products and services. As a store manager of one of these 25 stores, I have made this operational plan to grow the services component of our business in the next twelve months. 1. Business Goal. The business goal of this operational plan is to increase services sales by 10% by June 2014. 2. Objectives The objectives of this operational plan are: Introducing new services. Acquisition of new equipments. Improving staff skills. 3. Strategy 1 The following strategies are proposed for achieving the objectives: Recruitment of new employees Buy new equipments Reorganize the space in the store Training for current and new employees 4. Key actions Action 1 Recruitments 2 Person responsible 3 Andy Wang- Store Manager David Smith- Human Resource Manager Timeline 4 From 01. 02. 2014. On-going. Budget Detail Amount Comments Retail Assistances Wage $6000/week Six full time equivalent retail assistances Full time and part time hours Permanent and casual Pay levels:$14-$20 per hour(plus 25% loading for casual employees. The amount is based on 40 hours per week and is the maximum amount. Graphic Designers Wage $5000/week Four full time equivalent graphic designers Full time and part time hours Permanent and casual Pay level: $22-$25 per hour(plus 25% loading for casual employees. The amount is based on 40 hours per week and is the maximum amount. Total $11000/week Resource requirements Resource type Details Time required People Store manager Human resource manager Human resource represents One day per week till the end of recruitments. Facilities Meeting room. One day per week till the end of recruitments. Stationery such as pen, paper and notebooks One day per week till the end of recruitments. Action 2 New equipments 5 Person responsible 6 Andy Wang- Store Manager Peter Lee- Finance Manager Timeline Before 01. 12. 2013 Budget Detail Amount Comments Printers $10000 Five new printers Photocopiers $5000 Five new photocopiers Van $40000 One new van Total $55000 Resource requirements Resource type Details Time required People Store manager Store manager assistance Finance manager 1 day perk week till the end of this task. Facilities Store manager office 1 day perk week till the end of this task. Computers 1 day perk week till the end of this task. Telephone 1 day perk week till the end of this task. Car 1 day perk week till the end of this task. Action 3 Reorganization of store space 7 Person responsible 8 Andy Wang- Store Manager Timeline Before 01. 12. 2013 Budget Detail Amount Comments Tables $2000 New tables for printers and photocopiers. Tools $500 Tools to relocate the shelves. Labor $10000 The payment for reorganize the store space after work hours. Total $12000 Resource requirements Resource type Details Time required People Store manager Store employees 1 week before the deadline. Facilities Tools such as spanners to relocate the shelves. 1 week. Forklift 1 week. Store 1 week Action 4 Training 9 Person responsible 10 Andy Wang- Store Manager 11 David Smith- Human Resource Manager Timeline From 01. 11. 2013, on-going. Budget Detail Amount Comments Course content $5000 Purchase course content including facilitator guide and student workbook from sales training provider. Catering $4000 Morning tea, lunch and afternoon tea to be provided. Training fee $10000 The payment for the trainer from external. Total $19000 Resource requirements Resource type Details Time required People Store manager Store employees One day per month until 30. 06. 2014 Facilities Meeting room One day per month until 30. 06. 2014 Data projector and laptop One day per month until 30. 06. 2014 5. KPIs Recruit ten full time equivalent employees, six retail assistants and four graphic designers from 1. 02. 2014 to 30. 06. 2014. Buy five new printers and photocopiers and one new van before 1. 12. 2013. Complete the reorganization of store space before 1. 12. 2013. All current and new employees have to attend training courses more than 90% during their allocation time. All current and new employees have to get at least 80 grades on the test after each training. All graphic designers must have at least 3 years working experience. 6. Contingency Plans Identified Risk Solutions Insufficient budget for recruitments Hire employees with less experiences. Insufficient budget for equipments Buy cheaper brands or even a second hand van. Otherwise, rent a van at first few months. No enough time for reorganize store space. Increase working hours or hire external labors. Employees can’t attend training for unexpected reasons. Record the training course and people can learn it by themselves at home. 7. Outcome The Outcome of this operational plan is to increase services sales by 10% by June 2014. 8. Approvals Name Position Date approved Signature Jenny Holland General manager David Smith Human Resource Manage Peter Lee Finance Manager Andy Wang Store Manager

Nirma vs Hul Essay

Rural inhabitants aren’t a different species, but consumers as quirky and demanding of marketers as any of their urban cousins. And just as eager to consume — maybe even more so, given their access to messages of consumption via TV, but lacking the easy access that makes urban consumer’s blase. For marketers the potential is huge — a country waiting eagerly for their products, providing they can make the effort to export inwards, and learn to play the games by rural rules. And if they don’t, the chances are that they will be left behind. Even with the minimal effort put in by companies so far, rural India now accounts for majority, or near majority, consumption in many categories. — Rural India is clearly not such an area of darkness anymore, and as a further incentive to keep the lights on, remember that farmers get electricity free! One of the most popular and widely accepted Marketing Myth is that the rural consumers will only buy really cheap mass market brands. But the stark reality is that though brands like Nirma lead, but penetration of premium products has also been observed even to the lowest SEC. The percentages may be very small, but given the large universe, the actual figures may be significant Thus when we are aware of the fact that brands like Nirma rule the rural market, it would be interesting to study and analyse their basic marketing inputs —–the 4P†s 1 NIRMA About the Company Nirma is the Rs. 17 billion Detergents, Soaps and Personal Care Products Brand, a market leader in the Indian detergent market and second largest in bathing soaps†¦ the brand NIRMA being one of the world’s biggest in it’s segment†¦ result of it’s mission to provide ‘Better Products, Better Value, Better Living’. The man who altered the clothes-washing habits of the Karsanbhai Patel the chairman of the Ahmedabad-based Nirma Ltd. This chemist who manufactured detergents at home in Ahmedabad in 1969 has certainly come a long way. He worked from his backyard which developed into a soap factory, cycled to retail outlets and hawked his b rand at one-fourth of the price of similar products then available. At Rs 6, Nirma, named after his daughter, was the cheapest detergent vying for attention on shop shelves. By the late 1980s, Nirma had become one of the world’s largest-selling detergent powders. That he rewrote history and gave Hindustan Lever, the Indian subsidiary of the Anglo-Dutch foods and toiletries conglomerate Unilever, a huge headache is wellchronicled. Today he is proud owner of an Rs 2,500-crore Ahmedabad-based soaps and detergents major It has been Patel’s dream to make Nirma a synonym for quality. â€Å"Nirma is not merely a brand or a product, it is a dynamic phenomenon, a revolution, a philosophy,† he once said. Nirma sells over 800,000 tones of detergent products every year and commands a 35% share of the Indian detergent market, making it one of the world’s biggest detergent brands. Towards this end, he tried his hand at many brand extensions. From toothpaste to salt and matchsticks, they all nestled under the Nirma umbrella. Incorporated as a private limited company, Nirma was converted into a deemed public company and then to a public limited one in Nov. ’93. Nirma is an over Rs. 17 billion brand with a leadership presence in Detergents, Soaps and Personal Care Products, offering employment to over 15,000 people.

Medicаl Egаlitаriаnism Essays

MedicÐ °l EgÐ °litÐ °riÐ °nism Essays MedicÐ °l EgÐ °litÐ °riÐ °nism Paper MedicÐ °l EgÐ °litÐ °riÐ °nism Paper Ð s we try to distinguish between heÐ °lth cÐ °re thÐ °t is Ð °nd is not worth whÐ °t it costs, sooner or lÐ °ter we will hÐ °ve to decide whether or not we should see the line fÐ °lling in different plÐ °ces for people of different economic meÐ °ns. Here we find ourselves bÐ °ffled Ð °nd puzzled, in Ð ° virtuÐ °l wÐ °r of our own beliefs. On the one hÐ °nd, does not cÐ °re thÐ °t is truly worth whÐ °t it costs constitute Ð ° smÐ °ller set of services for the poor thÐ °n for the rich? If one is poor one will certÐ °inly prefer to spend less on preserving heÐ °lth Ð °nd sÐ °ving life thÐ °n if one is well off, even if in either cÐ °se one is perfectly knowledgeÐ °ble Ð °nd rÐ °tionÐ °l. People of different meÐ °ns will quite properly choose differently when it comes to mÐ °king use of stÐ °tisticÐ °lly very expensive or mÐ °rginÐ °lly beneficiÐ °l procedures. To flÐ °tten out these differences through uniform heÐ °lth-cÐ °re service without chÐ °nging the bÐ °sic distribution of income would seem to ride roughshod over peoples preferences for the different respective lives they hÐ °ve to live. Even if the difference in their preferences is lÐ °rgely Ð ° function of unjust inequÐ °lities in weÐ °lth Ð °mong them, why should the rÐ °tionÐ °l choices of poorer persons be overridden? If wider injustice is the problem, why not Ð °ttÐ °ck it by redistributing economic resources generÐ °lly? But of course there is Ð °nother side to our reÐ °ctions. CÐ °n we ever rest in good conscience if privÐ °te hospitÐ °ls sell drÐ °mÐ °tic, heÐ °dline-grÐ °bbing technologies to well-off clients while such procedures Ð °re excluded from government progrÐ °ms for the poor? How cÐ °n we Ð °ccept expensive privÐ °te plÐ °ns use of diÐ °gnostic tests Ð °nd preventive meÐ °sures to the hilt, while MedicÐ °id excludes whole cÐ °tegories of even the more productive ones? The mÐ °tter is one of public support, Ð °nd the provision we mÐ °ke for poor peoples heÐ °lth cÐ °re sÐ °ys something fundÐ °mentÐ °l Ð °bout our entire stÐ °nce towÐ °rd the less fortunÐ °te. Ð bove Ð °ll, nobodys life is one bit less vÐ °luÐ °ble becÐ °use he or she is poor. Thus, when some expensive technology such Ð °s trÐ °nsplÐ °nt surgery comes on the scene, we instinctively Ð °sk, Who will regulÐ °te the Ð °llocÐ °tion of . . . orgÐ °ns to insure equÐ °l Ð °ccess? In 1984, MÐ °ssÐ °chusettss much-herÐ °lded TÐ °sk Force on OrgÐ °n TrÐ °nsplÐ °ntÐ °tion, for exÐ °mple, stood strongly by such egÐ °litÐ °riÐ °n convictions; it concluded thÐ °t only if Ð °ccess is independent of Ð °bility to pÐ °y cÐ °n heÐ °rt Ð °nd liver trÐ °nsplÐ °ntÐ °tion be Ð °cceptÐ °ble. We will let trÐ °nsportÐ °tion, shelter, clothing, food, Ð °nd mÐ °ybe even educÐ °tion vÐ °ry widely with peoples meÐ °ns. HeÐ °lth cÐ °re, though, is different. The problem is thÐ °t the combinÐ °tion of these egÐ °litÐ °riÐ °n ideÐ °ls Ð °bout heÐ °lth cÐ °re with our convictions Ð °bout freedom to Ð °llocÐ °te ones own resources is virtuÐ °lly disÐ °bling. Lester Thurow describes the three-sided dilemmÐ °: Being egÐ °litÐ °riÐ °ns, we hÐ °ve to give the treÐ °tment to everyone or deny it to everyone; being cÐ °pitÐ °lists, we cÐ °nnot deny it to those who cÐ °n Ð °fford it. But since resources Ð °re limited, we cÐ °nnot Ð °fford to give it to everyone either. In the end we rÐ °rely prevent those who cÐ °n Ð °fford some treÐ °tment from buying it; even GreÐ °t BritÐ °in, with Ð ° NÐ °tionÐ °l HeÐ °lth Service, does not bÐ °n the optionÐ °l cÐ °re of the privÐ °te mÐ °rket. But then if we Ð °lso stick to our egÐ °litÐ °riÐ °n convictions, we end up in the seemingly insÐ °ne situÐ °tion of funding million-dollÐ °r-per-life-sÐ °ved technologies for the poor while we let them live Ð °s pÐ °upers otherwise. DÐ °re we give up our pretension to egÐ °litÐ °riÐ °nism in medicine? In recent yeÐ °rs Ð ° populÐ °r Ð °ttempted escÐ °pe from this dilemmÐ ° hÐ °s been to modify the egÐ °litÐ °riÐ °n side of our beliefs Ð °nd tÐ °lk only of the Ð °dequÐ °te, minimÐ °lly decent, or essentiÐ °l cÐ °re thÐ °t society should guÐ °rÐ °ntee. This hÐ °rdly solves the puzzle; it only Ð °lters its form. WhÐ °t heÐ °lth cÐ °re is Ð °dequÐ °te, minimÐ °lly decent, essentiÐ °l? We still fÐ °ce the question of how unequÐ °l we mÐ °y let heÐ °lth cÐ °re be. Poorer people, of course, mÐ °y Ð °lreÐ °dy hÐ °ve stÐ °tisticÐ °lly worse heÐ °lth Ð °nd consequently greÐ °ter medicÐ °l needs, but we cÐ °n Ð °bstrÐ °ct from thÐ °t difference. Ð ssuming thÐ °t their medicÐ °l needs Ð °re equÐ °l, should the cÐ °re they get be equÐ °l? The view thÐ °t it should be cÐ °n be cÐ °lled medicÐ °l egÐ °litÐ °riÐ °nism. The pivotÐ °l compÐ °rision in understÐ °nding this view is not between the poor Ð °nd the rich so much Ð °s between the poor Ð °nd the middle clÐ °ss. Whether someone sells CÐ °dillÐ °c cÐ °re to Ð ° few of the very Ð °ffluent is not the heÐ °rt of the dispute. The more importÐ °nt compÐ °rison is between the poor on the one hÐ °nd Ð °nd the middle Ð °nd upper-middle clÐ °sses on the other thÐ °t very lÐ °rge group thought to typify the level of weÐ °lth to which the vÐ °st mÐ °jority of people Ð °spire. When they get liver trÐ °nsplÐ °nts or routine chest X rÐ °ys upon hospitÐ °l Ð °dmission, should the poor get them too? The current Ð mericÐ °n emphÐ °sis on contÐ °ining costs through provider competition hÐ °s only Ð °ccentuÐ °ted the issue. Ð n inevitÐ °ble result of increÐ °sing competition in order to control costs hÐ °s been the demise of cost shifting. Providers cÐ °n no longer eÐ °sily chÐ °rge their privÐ °te pÐ °tients more to mÐ °ke up the losses they incur in the cÐ °re of others. Ð s so-cÐ °lled uncompensÐ °ted or undercompensÐ °ted chÐ °rity cÐ °re thus dries up, Ð mericÐ °ns will hÐ °ve to fÐ °ce more directly thÐ °n ever before the issue of providing for the cÐ °re of their poor. Ð lreÐ °dy thÐ °t cÐ °re hÐ °s enough problems. U. S. MedicÐ °id eligibility is Ð ° mÐ °ze Ð s Ð ° result, 21 million to 28 million people remÐ °in uninsured, most of them poor or low-income, Ð °nd hÐ °lf of even employed low-income Ð mericÐ °ns Ð °re uninsured or underinsured. Ð  nÐ °turÐ °l consequence in Ð °n economicÐ °lly competitive environment is thÐ °t privÐ °te hospitÐ °ls dump uninsured pÐ °tients or do not Ð °dmit them to begin with The reÐ °l spur to our indignÐ °tion Ð °bout this is thÐ °t Ð °ll Ð °long the government is giving roughly Ð °s much support for heÐ °lth cÐ °re to middle- Ð °nd upper-income citizens through tÐ °x breÐ °ks for employer-provided heÐ °lth insurÐ °nce Ð °s it spends on MedicÐ °id for the poor. Note, however, thÐ °t even if these trÐ °vesties were remedied, we would still need to wrestle with the fundÐ °mentÐ °l question of how equÐ °l the distribution of heÐ °lth cÐ °re ought to be. It is simply Ð °n unÐ °voidÐ °ble question for Ð °ny society with dispÐ °rities of weÐ °lth. Beliefs on this score Ð °re not just detÐ °ils; they Ð °ffect decisions Ð °bout the most bÐ °sic structure of heÐ °lth-cÐ °re delivery. Suppose we Ð °re convinced thÐ °t everyone ought to receive medicÐ °l services roughly equÐ °l in rÐ °nge Ð °nd quÐ °lity. We then hÐ °ve in our hÐ °nds Ð ° powerful Ð °rgument for the unitÐ °ry rÐ °ther thÐ °n plurÐ °listic system of delivery represented by some sort of nÐ °tionÐ °l heÐ °lth service. Ð t its core the morÐ °l cÐ °se for Ð ° nÐ °tionÐ °l system is driven more forcefully by Ð °n egÐ °litÐ °riÐ °n conviction thÐ °n by Ð °nything else. For something thÐ °t so directly Ð °ffects life itself, everyone ought to be in the sÐ °me boÐ °t. Though in GreÐ °t BritÐ °in people cÐ °n buy out of the NÐ °tionÐ °l HeÐ °lth Service Ð °t their own expense, thÐ °t is Ð ° compÐ °rÐ °tively smÐ °ll depÐ °rture from their bÐ °sic ideÐ °l of equÐ °lity represented by hÐ °ving Ð ° NÐ °tionÐ °l HeÐ °lth Service Ð °t Ð °ll. Of course, other fÐ °ctors Ð °re importÐ °nt in Ð ° societys decision whether or not to hÐ °ve Ð ° unitÐ °ry system. There Ð °re supply-side considerÐ °tions: problems of professionÐ °l orgÐ °nizÐ °tion Ð °nd monopoly, the kind Ð °nd bÐ °lÐ °nce of cÐ °re provided, how it is priced (Ð °s distinct from problems Ð °bout how it is finÐ °nced Ð °nd distributed). Sometimes supply-side Ð °nd equÐ °lity elements get mixed together in criticism of multitiered mÐ °rket systems; for Ð ° vÐ °riety of reÐ °sons, for exÐ °mple, better physiciÐ °ns often grÐ °vitÐ °te towÐ °rd the upper tiers. Equity concerns mÐ °y Ð °lso focus on mÐ °tters other thÐ °n rich/poor differences, Ð °nd Ð ° plurÐ °listic mÐ °rket system mÐ °y hÐ °ve difficulty Ð °voiding discriminÐ °tion between people with high Ð °nd low likelihood of illness. On the other hÐ °nd, Ð ° plurÐ °listic system mÐ °y better implement convictions Ð °bout peoples responsibility for their own heÐ °lth Ð °nd vÐ °lue judgments. Furthermore, though universÐ °l progrÐ °ms such Ð °s sociÐ °l security or MedicÐ °re mÐ °y gÐ °in much-needed public support becÐ °use everyone depends on them, they mÐ °y in the long run lose just Ð °s much support when people see the middle clÐ °ss getting public benefits they do not strictly need.

The Life Of Rene Descartes Essays - Natural Philosophy, Free Essays

The Life Of Rene Descartes Essays - Natural Philosophy, Free Essays The Life of Rene' Descartes Rene' Descartes was a French mathematician, philosopher and anatomist. He contributed a great deal to modern ideas , particularly those concerned with geometry. He was known in his time as a mechanist, because he believed that nature could be explained through rational means, and inherent patterns could be found. During his life, Descartes remade geometry and made modern geometry possible. Rene' Descartes was born on March, 31 1596 in La Haye, Touraine, which was a former province of France. Rene' Descartes was the third child of a wealthy French family. Because of his father's poor health, Rene' did as he pleased. At the age of eight, Rene' was sent to a Jesuit college for formal schooling in the classics. The teacher of the school was sensitive to Rene's health and allowed him to stay in bed until he felt ready to attend class. Descartes used the quiet morning to think, and in later life he said they were the real source of his mathematics and philosophy. At the age of 18, Rene' left school to begin leading the life of a gentleman in Paris. He found partying amusing for a while. Soon after, he joined the army and went on to fight in a war in Germany. In Germany, Rene' had the most remarkable dream in the history of Math. He reported a number of episodes in the dream, and one of them is usually believed to be the application of algebra to geometry and the beginning of analytic and coordinate geometry. Descartes remained a soldier for another 2 years and then retired to Paris. Until then Descartes had published nothing, but he had shared his discoveries with others earlier. One of Descartes' friends convinced him that he had a sacred duty to share them with the world in writing.. Soon after he went to Holland to write and think. He spent the next 20 years roaming around Holland and working with the brightest minds in Europe. His father was the only person who knew his whereabouts. In 1637, Rene' Descartes' book, Le Monde, was published. A few theologians condemned his work but nothing happened. Descartes was still in Holland happily gardening when, thinking and writing when 19 year old Queen Christina of Sweden decided that she must have him as a tutor in Mathematics. She sent a ship to fetch him to the court, but he waited several months before leaving for Sweden. Descartes arrived in Sweden in the fall of 1649. He managed not to live at the court, but Christina scheduled their class for 5 a.m., each day. Descartes died the next the next February of an inflammation of the lungs. Rene' Descartes made some of his most notable contributions in the field of mathematics. He was the first mathematician to classify curves to the types of equations that produce them. He also invented the method of indices to express the powers of a number. His chief contributions to mathematics were his analytical geometry and his theory of vortices, and it is on his researches in connection with the former of these subjects that his mathematical reputation rests. Analytical geometry does not consist merely in the application of algebra to geometry; that had been done by many mathematicians. The great advance made by Descartes was that he saw that a point in a plane could be completely determined if it's distances, say x and y, from two fixed lines drawn at right angles in the plane were given, with the convention familiar to us as to the interpretation of positive and negative values: and though an equation was indeterminate and could be satisfied by an infinite number of values of x and y, yet these values of x and y determined the coordinates of a number of points which form a curve, of which the equation expresses some geometrical, that is, a property true of a curve at every point on it. Descartes asserted that a point in space could be similarly determined by three coordinates. In addition, he formulated the rule, which is know as Descartes' rule of signs, for finding the number of positive and negative roots for any algebraic equation. Rene' Descartes, philosopher and mathematician, made many contributions to our world today. From developing his theory of vortices, and inventing the method of indices. His understandings have advanced our world to modern understandings.

These Are the Most Diverse Colleges in America

These Are the Most Diverse Colleges in America SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Going to a diverse college offers many advantages. At diverse colleges, you’ll be exposed to a wide variety of people and be given an opportunity to learn from people who are different from you. If you know you want to go to a diverse college, how do you find diverse colleges? Which are the most diverse colleges in the United States? In this article, I will provide you with a list of the most diverse colleges. Furthermore, I'll explain what makes a college diverse, the benefits of going to a diverse college, and how to determine if a specific college is diverse. What Makes a College Diverse? Literally, diverse means showing a great deal of variety. Usually, when people reference diversity at a college, they're referring to the racial and ethnic diversity of the student body. A diverse college will have a significant percentage of students from multiple racial and ethnic groups. However, racial diversity is not the only variable that determines whether or not a college is diverse. Here are other factors that contribute to the diversity of a college: Geographic diversity- Diverse colleges have a higher percentage of out-of-state and international students. Male-female diversity- Schools with more gender balance are more diverse. Faculty diversity- Diverse colleges have more racial and ethnic diversity in their faculties, and their faculties have more gender balance. Economic diversity- A diverse college will have a significant percentage of students from all income levels. There are some other factors that contribute to diversity, but there are fewer available statistics to definitively determine diversity in these areas. The political diversity of a college refers to the percentage of students from different political persuasions. A politically diverse college will have a significant number of conservative, liberal, socialist, and libertarian students. A religiously diverse college will have a large percentage of students from different religious backgrounds; it could have a substantial representation of Catholic, Protestant, Mormon, Jewish, Muslim, and Hindu students. Finally, the percentage of LGBT students contributes to the diversity of a college. A diverse college will have a visible LGBT community and students that openly express different sexual orientations and gender identities. What Are the Benefits of a Diverse College? There are numerous benefits of attending a diverse college. In college, you learn from your peers and fellow students. If you're exposed to more people from different backgrounds, you're likely to gain a better understanding of different types of people and their views. As our economy becomes more globalized, being knowledgeable about various cultures can benefit you in your professional life. Also, if you're a member of an underrepresented group, going to a diverse college can make you feel more comfortable, especially if there's a significant number of students at the college who share your background or beliefs. Similarly, if you come from a diverse high school or neighborhood, you may feel more at home at a diverse college. Furthermore, colleges with diverse faculties may offer a more well-balanced education. Course offerings and instruction at a college can be reflective of the backgrounds and views of the faculty, especially in the humanities and social sciences. Additionally, colleges with diverse faculties show a commitment to diversity and are likely to embrace diversity in their student bodies as well. The List of the Most Diverse Colleges I've given you a list of the top 50 most diverse colleges in the country. Hopefully, you can find at least a few that interest you if you want to attend a diverse college. Niche Niche is a website that provides reviews, rankings, and statistics about neighborhoods and schools. It provides many different college ranking lists from the overall best colleges to the top party schools to the most diverse colleges. The Niche rankings for the most diverse colleges are based on clear criteria that give a fairly accurate measurement of a college's level of diversity. Here's how Niche measures diversity: 20% of the rankings is based on the percentage of international students 20% is based on the percentage of the most represented ethnicity (a lower percentage=more diverse) 20% is based on students' survey responses about the quality of diversity at their colleges 15% is based on the percentage of out-of-state students 10% is based on the percentage of the faculty's most represented ethnicity 5% is based on the ratio of male to female faculty 5% is based on the percentage of students belonging to the most represented income bracket (a lower percentage=more diverse) 5% is based on the ratio of male to female undergraduates The List Many selective private colleges are in the top 50 most diverse colleges, including Pomona, Amherst, MIT, Stanford, Swarthmore, Yale, and Harvard. Interestingly, the entire top 25 is composed of private colleges. Possibly, the reason for this is because private colleges emphasize diversity more in their recruiting and admissions processes. Also, many public colleges have a much higher percentage of in-state students due to lower tuition costs for in-state students and targeted efforts to enroll more in-state residents. Some public universities in the top 50 include California State University-East Bay, Rutgers University-Newark, University of Hawaii at Hilo, and San Francisco State University. These diverse public colleges are located in diverse areas. San Francisco State University School Location Acceptance Rate 1. Pomona College Claremont, CA 14% 2. Amherst College Amherst Town, MA 14% 3. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 8% 4. Soka University of America Aliso Viejo, CA 43% 5. Hawaii Pacific University Honolulu Township, HI 64% 6. Stanford University Stanford, CA 6% 7. Brown University Providence, RI 9% 8. California College of the Arts San Francisco, CA 82% 9. Yale University New Haven, CT 7% 10. Swarthmore College Swarthmore, PA 14% 11. Grinnell College Grinnell, IA 35% 12. Barry University Miami, FL 47% 13. Columbia University New York City, NY 7% 14. Chaminade University of Honolulu Honolulu Township, HI 84% 15. University of Miami Coral Gables, FL 40% 16. Wellesley College Wellesley, MA 29% 17. Rhode Island School of Design Providence, RI 27% 18. New York University New York City, NY 32% 19. University of San Francisco San Francisco, CA 69% 20. California Institute of the Arts Santa Clarita, CA 31% 21. Rice University Houston, TX 17% 22. Emory University Atlanta, GA 26% 23. Nyack College Nyack, NY 97% 24. University of Chicago Chicago, IL 9% 25. Holy Names University Oakland, CA 57% 26. California State University-East Bay Hayward, CA 68% 27. Rutgers University-Newark Newark, NJ 54% 28. University of Hawaii at Hilo Hilo, HI 75% 29. The New School New York City, NY 67% 30. University of Bridgeport Bridgeport, CT 64% 31. Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 25% 32. Washington Adventist University Tacoma Park, MD 45% 33. Agnes Scott College Decatur, GA 67% 34. University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu Township, HI 80% 35. Harvard University Cambridge, MA 6% 36. Wesleyan University Middletown, CT 20% 37. Princeton University Princeton, NJ 7% 38. University of Houston Houston, TX 58% 39. University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 12% 40. Manhattanville College Harrison, NY 77% 41. Santa Fe University of Art and Design Santa Fe, NM 100% 42. San Francisco State University San Francisco, CA 60% 43. Pace University New York City, NY 81% 44. Texas Wesleyan University Fort Worth, TX 46% 45. Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale, FL 57% 46. Earlham College Richmond, IN 64% 47. University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 20% 48. St. John's University-New York Queens, NY 53% 49. Berklee College of Music Boston, MA 19% 50. Clark University Worcester, MA 70% Massachusetts Institute of Technology Student Reviews Niche also offers student reviews of colleges. Here are some comments written by students of some of the most diverse colleges in the United States. I included comments related to the diversity at the college. Pomona College It gets more and more diverse every year in terms of students of color, international students, and low-income students! And the communities aren't completely separated like they tend to be at other schools- each person is a valued part of this community. Love the student body! It's diverse, inclusive, and just a melting pot of all sorts of identities and personalities, all of which come to create a wonderfully complex community on campus. You'll see a lot of variety- no typical culture here. People might think that Pomona is more laid-back than its peer liberal arts colleges due to its California location, but I don't think it is. It's a little bit more humble/mainstream than preppy New England schools, but students take their academics and their futures very, very seriously. Amherst College I feel as if there is a gap between the different races and ethnicities on campus. They seem to congeal together and don't venture out of their created friend groups based on their homeland. I come from a largely homogenous high school, so coming to Amherst was my first chance to ever meet so many people from different ethnicities and backgrounds. It is NOT just white and preppy. Well, it's pretty preppy. But definitely not predominantly white. Stanford University One of the most diverse schools as far as every aspect goes except for international students. But the school is not just ethnically diverse, but very socioeconomically diverse, thanks to the financial aid. The campus is extremely diverse in all aspects. This is fueled by the large number of international students at the school. However outside of Greek organizations the different groups tend to stick together within their own social circles and very few branch out. University of Miami My school is amazing when it comes to diversifying your life. Here you can meet people of different races, religions, backgrounds; you name it, we've got it. I don't regret coming to Miami at all- I love it here! I was a little hesitant coming to a school with so many wealthy people, while I am not at all. But it really hasn't been an issue at all! The student body is so diverse, I can always find people to talk to. University of Miami How Should You Use The List of the Most Diverse Colleges? If you want to go to a very diverse college, you should research the colleges that interest you on the Niche list to determine if they’re schools you should apply to or attend. There are many factors to consider to determine if a college is a good fit for you including location, selectivity, support services, and the majors offered.Look at the school’s website, and use guidebooks, college finders, search websites, and other ranking lists to help you in the college selection process. If possible, consult with teachers, counselors, parents, current students, and alumni. What Should You Do if You Want to Go to a Diverse College, But a School You're Considering Isn't on the List? Just because a school didn't make the list doesn't necessarily mean that it's not diverse. Many big public state universities didn't rank highly for diversity, but big public state schools often have large numbers of students from all different backgrounds, especially if the school is located in a diverse state. Look at the school's website to see if there are student groups that represent a wide variety of interests or yours in particular. Also, you can consult other sources that evaluate or grade the diversity of a college.If you look up a specific college on Niche, you can find its diversity grade as well as a write-up and student reviews about diversity on campus.If you look up a college on College View, you can find the statistics for the student body racial diversity, total numbers of male and female faculty, and the states and countries represented by its students. What's Next? If you want to check out more ranking lists that show a school's commitment to diversity, you can read about the most LGBTQ-friendly schools. Also, if you're looking to go to an elite school with very accomplished students, investigate the most selective colleges. Finally, as you're navigating the college application and selection process, I highly recommend that you read this post about how to do college research. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Massachusetts Social Services and Information Technology Case Study

Massachusetts Social Services and Information Technology - Case Study Example In addition to his, the state legislature would pass a bond for Information Technology, which the agency targeted. In order to receive it, the agency must submit a justification request for the fund, which included an examination of both the two failed projects. The first failed project had a $20 million budget while the second one, still under development, had a $32 million budget. The state legislature approved the funding, giving the agency an obligation of ensuring this project succeeded. In order to do this, they analyzed the agency’s services, organizational culture and the current challenges that developers may face (Garson, 2006). One such project is the Information systems’ project at the Department of Transitional Assistance (DTA), which is an agency branch for Health and Human Services. This department deals with complex, unstructured and a large amount of information including tracking recipients of services, welfare benefits applications, scanning fingerpri nts and electronic benefits card issuing. In addition to this, Policies in the federal governments constantly change, at least four times in a year thus affecting any rule that already exists. The agency provides aid to families in different ways including childcare, food stamps, and families with dependent children, emergency aid to children, disabled and the elderly, emergency assistance, supplemental security income, and employment services program. Because of the variety of these services, social workers, as well as clients move from one place to another, meeting different people in order to receive services. The processes are complicated and tiresome. In addition to these, social workers must ensure that benefiters are genuine and deserving of the services by racking their backgrounds and history of benefits. The organizational realized that an effective ay of dealing with these problems would be adopting an Information system, which would facilitate speed and make duties of th e social workers easy. The system would store client information and make tracking them easy. All information systems projects require feasibility studies that examine the possibility of their successes. Failure to carry out these studies or poorly carried out feasibility studies leads to failures of projects. Poor feasibility studies lead to poor planning, documentation, staffing, budgeting, and scheduling. In addition to these, other issues such as organizational and cultural issues, as well as under estimation of scope and complexities are contributing factors to the failure. The planning and management team in the initial project failed to plan for the system. The system developers designed and documented it poorly. In addition to this, system was written in COBOL, which is difficult to understand and document. To ensure success of this project, the agency’s management The state governor appoints a commissioner who heads the agency’s department. At the initial stag es of the project, the commissioner was an employee from the career department from Field and Eligibility operations. A deputy commissioner was also appointed, from the Field and Eligibility Operations. The department has positions for administration and finance, procedure and program management and MIS, policy, who are all appointed from the Field an

Definition of Construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Definition of Construction - Essay Example Construction is not restricted to new structures only; it encompasses even repairing and replacing worn out components for the already existing structures to resume their original functions. The distinction amid construction and maintenance is the extent and the area covered by either replacement. Construction entails renovation of large sections (more than 50%) contrary to maintenance whose action has small restriction and involves replacing small bits or components (OSHA, n.d). Chiefly, construction calls for appropriate and timely planning where activities have specified time set for them coupled with how they will be undertaken (OSHA, n.d). In addition, its activities usually affect large parts of the machine where it incorporates diverse changes that may emanate from the alteration of a single section. This has a core contribution in the working of the machine. Construction unlike maintenance requires competent specialists who will have ample knowledge to undertake the expected roles on the site meant to make everything to function normally. This will call for even contemplation of jobbing environment that will ensure workers undertake their responsibilities effectively. Maintenance due to its scope of operation entails just a restricted section meant to ensure that the whole system is in order and any further complications construction is implemented (OSHA, n.d). Occupational safety & health organization (OSHA). (n.d). Construction v maintenance. Retrieved on 12, Jan. 2012 from

Reading commentary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Reading commentary - Essay Example I find his questions on the part that he addresses the issue of â€Å"Holiness† of the church particularly interesting. He asks how a church that has been implicated in many atrocities over the years be declared â€Å"Holy†. He gives example of the church’s support for the torture, slavery, and persecution of Galileo and Giordano Bruno2. To me this is extremely interesting given that during the introductory part of the chapter he uses the story of Saul to explain a view. The story of Saul from the Acts 9:4 that he quotes shows a man who was prosecuting GODs people, but in the end GOD chose and purified him. After Saul getting to know that prosecuting and punishing Christians, he was acting against the will of GOD; he changes and proclaims the Word. Therefore, that quote can be used by Robert Barron to answer his questions about the involvement of the church in the example of persecutions that he gives, instead he chooses not

History of United States Presidents considered Internationalists Essay

History of United States Presidents considered Internationalists - Essay Example History of United States Presidents considered Internationalists Financial depressions always lead to economic deteriorations associated with collapse of several sectors of developments. Any leader who uses his government position to revert such financial depressions is termed an internationalist. There are a number of people termed internationalists in the world. However, some of the good examples of internationalists include Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt who were all the United States of America’s Presidents. It is important to note that although Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt were all internationalists with the goal of increasing the US role in the world, they sought to achieve this in different ways. This paper is going to support this generalization by examining the different ways in which each of the presidents worked to increase the United States influence and powers abroad. Theodore Roosevelt was one of the most cherished internationalists. Theodore was an American president from the period of 1901 to 1909 and had several achievements during his tenure. Roosevelt was a visionary leader, a pragmatic leader as well as a true democrat who understood the plights of humanity in various measures. This president was a reformer but not a revolutionist (Oakes et al, 631, paragraph 1-5). He strongly believed in values of democracy, efficiency as well as social justice to all people worldwide.

Discussing Cases Concerning the Difficulties in Defining the Elements Assignment

Discussing Cases Concerning the Difficulties in Defining the Elements of Homeland Security - Assignment Example Being able to secure one’s country though is never easy, especially on the part of those that are noted as the heating point of cultures where a diversified of the human population grows, such as that of the United States. SAFETY of the nation. This is the primary aim of the application of the different procedures implied in creating a much safer society that is best to serve the values of the people living within the communities that are known for freedom and popular understanding of democracy. This, in particular, includes the United States which is understandably noted for its realization of democracy and the importance it particularly makes certain in the different laws and regulations it creates in the ways by which it reconnects itself with all the other nations around the world. Possibly, through the existence of these major elements of national status, the United States is noted for always assuring that the entire nation is under a specific level of security that nurtures its belief and upholds its dignity towards the importance of democracy among its people. This is the reason why it has naturally been debated how the nation’s governmental administration should deal with the threats to their homeland security while being able to find the right procedures needed to deal with the accused terrorists who are within the territories of the United States (Worth, et al 1999: 17). Through the laws that had been made dealing with these individuals lawfully had been naturally created to at least protect them too of their rights as humans. This is the reason why it has naturally been constantly debated how a homeland security law could actually be balanced and impartial in handling both the values of the country and the values of the accused individuals of terr orism, despite the fact that at some point, some of these accused individuals have already been proven of giving lesser  respect to the humanitarian values of those who have become their victims.

How institutional and cultural issues impact International HRM Essay

How institutional and cultural issues impact International HRM - Essay Example This essay will provide an analysis on the literature available on International Human Resource Management and how companies deal with the challenges of globalisation and of managing employees of different culture. International human resource management is an important emerging phenomenon in international business. There is a sudden growth of interest over this due to the rapid growth of industrialisation and globalisation. Globalisation has revolutionized the way organisations function; it has been enhanced by continuous technological advancement, the Internet and Information Technology. Organisations have to expand both as an organisation and as a business. Businesses, which have been internationalized because of intense globalisation, have to introduce more new products and services. Competition dictates these companies to be always changing and innovative. The importance of borders between different countries is reduced, and similar events and phenomena in countries throughout t he world are more easily linked. The identities of cross-border structures are strengthened, and the power of organisations operating only within the nation state is weakened. International human resource management has its origin in the 1980s, as a reaction against the more functional approach embodied in personnel management. McKern stated that during the early years of the post-war development of the modern international corporation, organisational structures evolved slowly in response to geographical and market diversity. It was easy for management to change structures incrementally. But now changes in the organisation are based on complex environmental factors. International HRM was born. Guest (1990 as cited in Cray and Mallory, 1998) says that ‘the apparent novelty of HRM lies in the claim that by making full use of its human resources a firm will gain competitive advantage’. HRM Paradigms Human resource management is the strategic and coherent approach to the ma nagement of an organisation’s most valued asset – the people. Due to the emergence of various forces in globalisation, organisations and businesses have become global as a result of technological innovations, and the introduction of more development in communications and transportation. There are two paradigms focusing on HRM. The universalist paradigm, which is dominant in the United States and widely used elsewhere, assumes that the purpose of the study of HRM is to improve the way human resources are managed strategically within organisations (Harris et al., 2003). In contrast, the contextual paradigm searches for an overall understanding of what is contextually unique and why. Many management researchers find the universalist paradigm ironically excluding much of the work of HR specialists in such areas as compliance, equal opportunities, trade union relationships and dealing with local government. This paradigm is not helpful in regions like Europe, where signific ant HR legislation and policy is enacted at European Union level (e.g. freedom of movement, employment and remuneration, equal treatment) as well as those of particular countries or sectors (Brewster et al, 1996, qtd. in Harris et al, 2003). HRM is now considered the determinant factor in the success or failure of international business. The success of global business depends most importantly on the quality of management in an organisation. There is a shortage of international management talent that constrains implementation of global strategies (Scullion and Paauwe, 2004). There is a lot of challenge placed on the manager in managing an organisation of different culture. Along this line of thought is the concept on comparative human resource mana

Discussing Cases Concerning the Difficulties in Defining the Elements Assignment

Discussing Cases Concerning the Difficulties in Defining the Elements of Homeland Security - Assignment Example Being able to secure one’s country though is never easy, especially on the part of those that are noted as the heating point of cultures where a diversified of the human population grows, such as that of the United States. SAFETY of the nation. This is the primary aim of the application of the different procedures implied in creating a much safer society that is best to serve the values of the people living within the communities that are known for freedom and popular understanding of democracy. This, in particular, includes the United States which is understandably noted for its realization of democracy and the importance it particularly makes certain in the different laws and regulations it creates in the ways by which it reconnects itself with all the other nations around the world. Possibly, through the existence of these major elements of national status, the United States is noted for always assuring that the entire nation is under a specific level of security that nurtures its belief and upholds its dignity towards the importance of democracy among its people. This is the reason why it has naturally been debated how the nation’s governmental administration should deal with the threats to their homeland security while being able to find the right procedures needed to deal with the accused terrorists who are within the territories of the United States (Worth, et al 1999: 17). Through the laws that had been made dealing with these individuals lawfully had been naturally created to at least protect them too of their rights as humans. This is the reason why it has naturally been constantly debated how a homeland security law could actually be balanced and impartial in handling both the values of the country and the values of the accused individuals of terr orism, despite the fact that at some point, some of these accused individuals have already been proven of giving lesser  respect to the humanitarian values of those who have become their victims.

Care provided to victims Essay Example for Free

Care provided to victims Essay Crisis intervention is care provided to victims of a crisis to help them adapt to the new challenges facing them. It is an urgent action taken to assist people overcome trauma resulting from a crisis. A crisis results from disruption of life, as we are accustomed. These disruptions present huge challenges to victims. In response they exhibit different characteristics. While change is constant in society, it presents challenges some of which resolve themselves out and others that require professional help. A crisis intervention center takes care of those who, when faced by these challenges, become disoriented and unstable. (Aguilera, Donna, C, 1998) The crisis facing Danville residents include anxiety, suicidal thoughts and trauma from domestic violence and crime. These problems are precipitated by rampant unemployment due to closure of some firms. The crisis intervention center will assist the community to overcome these challenges. It will have three main objections namely containing the spread of the crisis, controlling the resultant trauma of the crisis and try as much to help the residents adjust to the new challenges. To meet the needs of the residents better the center will be located in poor neighborhoods where the majority of these problems occur. It will operate round the clock in order to offer timely services whenever needed. The center will act promptly when our client is in need. We will take under our care victims of domestic violence or crime and counsel them to overcome their traumatic experience. We will assist to heal the emotional wounds acquired from their experiences. The main aim here will be to stop our clients from taking drastic actions with very negative consequences. Victims of violent acts are most vulnerable immediately after the horrific experience. They cannot think clearly and might take fatal measures. We will reassure encourage them to be more positive. At the crisis intervention center, we will offer residents advice on how to avoid the occurrence of such a problem in the first place. We will identify groups in society that are predisposed to domestic violence, eviction harassment and crime and try to lead them from such activities. We will encourage the vulnerable individuals to take action to avoid such problems when still early rather than wait till its too late The center will also provide clients continued counseling through the recovery period. Our aim is to as much as possible return the clients to the state they were in before the crisis occurred. We will offer them an opportunity to speak out confidentially about their experiences, and their feelings or reactions to the experience. We listen to their problems keenly and offer advice that would help them come to terms with the whole experience. We will organize support groups among the clients so that they can share and reinforce each other. We will also help the victims to move on after their traumatic experience. We will carry out follow up services to ensure full recovery. We will assist them to rebuild their lives providing the necessary encouragement and advice. We will help them to come up with workable solutions that would help them make necessary adjustments in life. We will not force decisions on them rather we will provide an enabling environment. Together we will develop solutions that stop the reoccurrence of the same problem. We will present the victims with the various options facing them and the consequences of each decision. This way they make informed choices. (Flannery, Raymond, et al,2000) Most of the residents who will come to our center will have other problems that are beyond our services. Such cases will be referred to the relevant institutions. Clients with physical injuries will be treated at the local hospital as we offer our services alongside. Those with mental instabilities will be referred to the mental health center for psychiatric help. Those with drug addictions will be referred to agencies that offer detoxification services such as the local Alcohol Anonymous for alcoholics. The center will coordinate with these agencies to provide an all round service. The center will rely on both professional staff and volunteers. Volunteers will be highly welcome due to cost constraints. We will encourage the local community especially past beneficiaries of the center to volunteer. Those who have been through the center will be more willing and optimistic to replicate their recovery on other members of society. We will also appeal to the Danville community to make donations to the center. The community should identify with the center and work for its success. In selecting staff, the center will look for individuals who are open minded and non-judgmental. These should be individuals who believe in the ability of others to change. They must enjoy working with people without any biases along class or race. They must be empathetic to the client’s predicament and possess a never give up attitude. For the professional staff, they need to have academic and professional qualifications from recognizable institutions. They should also be registered with the relevant professional bodies. Reporting skills and some legal knowledge will also be of much relevant. The center will regularly train its staff together with the volunteers. The training will focus on building counseling abilities and skills. We will train them on how to build and maintain client’s trust. Counseling can only take place in if there is enough trust and confidentiality. We also train them how to assist a client to open up listening keenly, non-judgmental attitude, and by softly prodding them. They should also keep reassuring the client. (mentalhealth. samhsa. gov) Offering counseling service is very strenuous and energy sapping work. It can also be very frustrating and heart breaking. Staff members become exhausted and loose motivation. They will face constant pressure as they try to solve clients’ problems. They put in long hours and this hurts their ability to play their other roles in life. Some of the patients may turn abusive while others may keep to their old ways no matter how had the social worker tries. The workers may feel that their effort and sacrifice is not fully appreciated or recognized. All these factors cause burnout. Burnout is a state frustration, loss of hope and a sense of failure. They feel that they cannot take it anymore and will have to quit. The center will put in place measures for the workers avoid or cope with the burnout. It will provide a mentorship program for the staff. The workers will be encouraged to form groups that provide a forum to share experiences and frustrations. We will also encourage them to eat well and engage in leisure activities. The management will also advise them to set their boundaries with their clients. The management will also improve on the work environment while showing appreciation for work well done. (Penson, Richard, T, et al, 2000) References National Mental Health Information Center. Training Manual for Mental Health and Human Services Worker in Major Disasters. Retrieved on18/10/07 from http://mentalhealth. samhsa. gov/publications/allpubs/ADM90-538/tmsection7. asp Flannery, Raymond, B. and Everly, George, S, 2000. Crisis Intervention: A Review. Continuing Education. Retrieved on 10/18/07 from http://www. icisf. org/articles/Acrobat%20Documents/TerrorismIncident/CrsIntRev. pdf Richard T. Penson, Fiona L. Dignan, George P. Canellos, Carol L. Picard, Thomas J. Lynch, Jr. 2000. Burnout: Caring for the Caregivers. The Oncologist, vol5. No5. Retrieved on 10/18/07 from http://theoncologist. alphamedpress. org/cgi/content/full/5/5/425 Aguilera, Donna C, 1998. Crisis Intervention: Theory and Methodology. New York: Mosby, 8ed

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn In his episodic novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain fabricates a journey as the platform for the narrators symbolic rite of passage. The protagonist, Huckleberry Finn, discovers the true colors of his individuality, as he voyages through his many adventures and gains priceless experiences. While he matures and advances, Huck discards his disposition as an ignorant and juvenile adolescent craving for joy and peril and becomes a man, being able to firmly identify and establish his morals and ethics. During this intricate process, he develops a comradeship with a Jim, a runaway slave, ultimately learning the true horrors of the flawed society, in which he lives in. As a role in Hucks learning process, Mark Twain realistically utilizes the social perception of whites during the time period to assist Huck in discovering the blemishes of slavery, rejecting many critics assumption that he is a racist. Huck, a thirteen-year-old son of a drunkard, is recurrently strained to survive on his own wits where sometimes it contradicts societys standards and laws. As he seems to trek down the Mississippi River, he also journeys down his inner mentality, as Huck encounters challenges between his social conscience and individual conscience. Huck always seems to look up to the educated, the high and mid-class. He appeared to make himself believe that his judgment was inferior or abased to theirs because he was illiterate, and not truly part of society or a civilized human being. He blindly follows Tom Sawyer, due to the fact that he was educated and brought up in a refined urbane setting. As the novel opens, Huck is forced to be integrated in society and civilization. Though he struggles, he persuades himself to sublime in. In the beginning, Huck is perplexed by the fatuous purpose of religion. As Widow Douglas and Miss. Watson try very hard to reform Huck to become sivilize, he doesnt see the purpose of heaven and hell. Its these first signs of society (religion) that plays an impact on Huck, where he makes a connection that his actions will determine his destination after death. Huck also can be portrayed as an innate philosopher, where he is very skeptical of the societal dogmas (religion) and in fact perceives these ideas in his own ways, as he tries to reform. This is seen with Hucks idea that hell might actually be a better place than the Widow Douglass heaven. Thus this issue only engenders Hucks moral development. When Huck encounters Jim on Jacksons island, and attends his story of a runaway slave, Huck sees Jim as a human being rather than a slave. Huck feels empathy and remorse, as he hears Jims sad tale of his family being ripped apart. Huck, who just wasnt able to properly fully mold with society, and Jim, a run-away slave, both were alienated from society in fundamental ways. Both now in some form freed from the insincerity and injustice of society, but knew this would not last long. When Huck realizes that his fate was wrapped around Jims, he questions the morality of helping a run-away slave, this in which was against law, and breaking a law would lead him to hell. More subtly, Twain criticize the American South for its phony romanticism and hypocritical Christianity. Huck decries the idea that the Christianity of the South is a living contradiction. Huck does not comprehend the fact how society accepts slavery yet ignores the Biblical notion of the equality of all believers. (The Adve ntures of Huckleberry Finn pg1). Nonetheless, Huck conceded and acknowledged that he would go to hell, in which a sacrifice he was willing to make. In further context, Twain in his works is not a racist. In the manner he depicts Jim as a real person, who carries feelings and emotions, shows in fact that Twain is an opponent of slavery. Huck had the common sense to see how slavery was a genuine blight to humanity. Contrarily the so called sophisticated society accepted it, even the good people such as Miss. Watson. Huck matures further as he breaks that mask that society gave Jim, and accepts him as a normal person. Huck refers to Jim, I knowed he was white inside. (Twain, pg 46). It shows how Huck, who was brought up in a very bigoted section of the country, that ingested all the hypocrisy of slavery, was still able to transcend it by just knowing this one nigger, Jim. Furthermore, Hucks character changes as Jim teaches him about friendship. Their relationship becomes tighter, after the Hucks joke about him never had gone missing in the fog. Huck learns that Jim is a person is with feelings, and ultimately Jim induces this movement into Hucks maturity. This is the critical point of Hucks transformation, where Huck apologizes to Jim. Hucks voyage down the Mississippi taught him much, but was mainly a frolic. But once it resumes, when Huck is taken up the Grangerfords, he journeys to the dark side of American civilization. The benevolent family who offer Huck to stay is in a burning feud between another family, the Shepherdsons. Twain uses these two families to employ in some deriding absurdity and to mock an overly romanticizes ideas about family honor. Ultimately, the families sensationalized feud gets many of them killed. Huck truly refutes society once he saw his new friend Buck, be shot and killed. Twain uses this incident to comment on all systems of principle that rebuffs the humanity of another set of people. Huck becomes befuddled in this episode. The Grangerfords are a mix of contradictions where they treat Huck well, but they own slaves and behave more foolishly with other family by killing one other. Is this what society dawns upon? In the denouement, Huck transmogrifies into a full adolescent who now truly believes in his values, and deems that it should not be tractable and tarnished by societys laws. Near the conclusion of the novel, Huck and Tom make an attempt to free Jim who is held captured. After Toms ludicrous plan fails, everyone learns that Jim was actually a free man for weeks (because Miss. Watson, in her will, allow Jim to be free when she died). This idea of freeing a free black man had a special resonance at the time Twain wrote this novel. Blacks during this time had much trouble integrating with society because of the racial subordination that was still present preceding the Civil War. Work Cited The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay. Novelguide.com. December 14, 2009. . Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. United States: Bantum Books, Inc., 1884.

The Comparison Of Forest Of Ar :: essays research papers

The Comparison of Forest of Arden versus Forest of Eden   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is the innate desire of man to seek a place of freedom, .an utopia, which allows him to escape into fantasies and away from the hardships of reality. In the play 'As you like it'; by William Shakespeare, the playwright indirectly compares the Forest of Arden to the Forest of Eden by exploring the theme of illusions, the idea of the forest as a place of refuge and Arden's mystical powers. The two forests are not only related by the fact that they sound similar but the many imageries and ideas that were mentioned in the play are somewhat related to the story of Genesis. In Duke Senior's first speech, he refers to 'the penalty of Adam'; , reminding the reader of the Fall of Man and the Garden of Eden. Therefore from the start, Arden is associated with a world of innocence and simplicity, in which man did not need to work. In the forest of Eden, the life of man is not controlled by time and ultimately, death. Whereas there are also suggestions of timelessness in the forest of Arden, as when Orlando points out that there is 'no clock in the forest'; . According to geographic sources, the Forest of Arden is in the Ardennes, France. In the play, Duke Senior and his followers live in the forest itself, while the shepherds live in the more open country on the edge of the forest. However, some elements in the play can be found in neither France nor England. For example: the deer, the oak trees, palm-trees; and also exotic animals such as a green-and-golden and a lioness roam the forest. Clearly then, the landscape belongs to the realm of fantasy. Although Arden seems as to be an idealistic world and resembles no known place, it is not merely an escape from real life. It is true that people flee to Arden from the cruelty of the world. The play opens outside Arden, in a world where cruelty, tyranny, and injustice reign; Arden provides a refuge from these evils. However, it is not an easy salvation. It is not even easy to get there: Rosalind, Celia, and Touchstone, and then Orlando and Adam, and finally Oliver, all arrive in Arden in a state of physical exhaustion. This relates to the fact that it is just as hard for us to enter the kingdom of God.

Priest Celibacy :: essays research papers

Fundamentalist attacks on priestly celibacy come in a number of different forms—not all compatible with one another. There is almost no other subject about which so many different confusions exist. The first and most basic confusion is thinking of priestly celibacy as a dogma or doctrine—a central and irreformable part of the faith, believed by Catholics to come from Jesus and the apostles. Thus some Fundamentalists make a great deal of a biblical reference to Peter’s mother-in-law (Mark 1:30), apparently supposing that, if Catholics only knew that Peter had been married, they would be unable to regard him as the first pope. Again, Fundamentalist time lines of "Catholic inventions" (a popular literary form) assign "mandatory priestly celibacy" to this or that year in Church history, as if prior to this requirement the Church could not have been Catholic. These Fundamentalists are often surprised to learn that even today celibacy is not the rule for all Catholic priests. In fact, for Eastern Rite Catholics, married priests are the norm, just as they are for Orthodox and Oriental Christians. Even in the Eastern churches, though, there have always been some restrictions on marriage and ordination. Although married men may become priests, unmarried priests may not marry, and married priests, if widowed, may not remarry. Moreover, there is an ancient Eastern discipline of choosing bishops from the ranks of the celibate monks, so their bishops are all unmarried. The tradition in the Western or Latin-Rite Church has been for priests as well as bishops to take vows of celibacy, a rule that has been firmly in place since the early Middle Ages. Even today, though, exceptions are made. For example, there are married Latin-Rite priests who are converts from Lutheranism and Episcopalianism. As these variations and exceptions indicate, priestly celibacy is not an unchangeable dogma but a disciplinary rule. The fact that Peter was married is no more contrary to the Catholic faith than the fact that the pastor of the nearest Maronite Catholic church is married. Is Marriage Mandatory? Another, quite different Fundamentalist confusion is the notion that celibacy is unbiblical, or even "unnatural." Every man, it is claimed, must obey the biblical injunction to "Be fruitful and multiply" (Gen. 1:28); and Paul commands that "each man should have his own wife and each woman her own husband" (1 Cor. 7:2). It is even argued that celibacy somehow "causes," or at least correlates with higher incidence of, illicit sexual behavior or perversion.

Behaviorism-reinforcement

It is difficult if not possible to measure what’s going on in a student’s mind at a specific moment. The students appeared to be paying attention were actually thinking non-academic issues, is not interested, is not motivated, is preoccupied with himself, among many other reason for non participation at school. Reinforcement rooted in the classic work of James Watson and B. F. Skinner. My discussion will include techniques, for increasing, decreasing, and maintaining behavior. There are many things to consider in the application of reinforcement so as to elicit behavior or the desired behavior.To give into consideration is that, reinforcement is more effective when it is immediate. If a response of a student is no longer reinforced, as in ignoring a given answer of a student every time a teacher throws a question or unintentionally took it for granted, the learner if again called his attention to give his answer will eventually given up the response. Another is, desired action are encouraged by a reinforcement specifically social reinforcement, which typically include attention can be verbal or nonverbal. For example, the expression on your face can carry an unmistakable message to a student.Usually, however, social reinforcers are verbal either accompanying some other form of reinforcement (â€Å"John, you can act as class monitor because of the way you behave in gym†) or taking the forms of words or phrase that signal your pleasure about the specific behavior. Social reinforcers expression, contact, proximity, privileges, and words. Giving positive remarks as the reinforcement every time the student performed better, finished a task or cooperate in the school activities are helpful in strengthening the students behavior or the possibilities of the repetition of the same positive behavior.A very shy child may find it difficult to join into classroom activities, specially if the school experience is new to her. The teacher’s role is to involve the child in the classroom activities. The child’s behavior should only be recognized when she is at the activity, though not necessarily participating. For example, when the child sits with the group at circle time, sits at a table where manipulative games or arts projects are provided.An activity within easy reach, when she is within easy reach of an activity, reinforce her, by praising and recognizing her behavior. Provide a reinforcement for every involvement in classroom activities as you notice it. A good reinforcement starts out with continuous reinforcement at the beginning stage of learning. Tangible reinforcers such as cookies and badges for young students or notes to parents or certificates for older students are just few examples which are necessary in the appliance of reinforcement so as to achieved desired outcome.In giving reinforcement, as progress in the skill or behavior develops, less emphasis should be placed on tangible reinforcers, such as foo d and tokens, while more emphasis should be given to social reinforcers, such as praise and attention. Reinforcement is given only after the learner gains sufficient skill at a task, be it participating in group work or writing, that later be strengthened or reinforced that later becomes automatic and habitual. Constant reinforcement means reinforcing the behavior of the student every time he participates.Applying a continuous reinforcement produces best results especially in new learning or conditioning situations. In education, we invoke behaviorism by awarding grades for various levels of performance that the more a student manifests interest in school/ classroom the more the behavior is reinforced so as to expect the same responses or behavior. If you wish to use positive reinforcers, and we all do, deliberately or otherwise, then you must be aware of how you use them. The following should put into consideration first; consider the age, interest, and needs of the students.Pieces of candy are not too motivating for adolescents, but they must be great for first-graders; know precisely the behavior you wish to strengthen and make your reinforcers sufficiently desirable; list potential reinforcers that you think would be desirable; vary your reinforcers and keep record of the effectiveness of various reinforcers on individual students. Positive reinforcement is a powerful principle and can be applied to great advantage in the classroom. All of us who teach, from the preschool to the doctoral level, use positive reinforcement.We must avoid, however, making students too dependent on the reinforcement we provide, particularly if we have initiated structured programs for students. We want them to work for those reinforcers that are natural to them. Punishment is a stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated. It can be use to reduced inappropriate behavior but should be done sparingly as even psychologists advice it’s application in moderation. For instance, giving deductions or minuses on the accumulated grade in assignment every time a student misbehave e.g. shouting while the class in going on, decreases the likelihood of the behavior to be repeated. But when a student is not rewarded for appropriate or adaptive behavior, inappropriate or maladaptive behavior may become increasingly dominant, then punishment sinks in to eliminate such undesirable behavior. Sometimes, however, when the goal is to reduce or eliminate misbehavior, teachers consider using punishment (aversive procedures). A word of warning. Don’t fall into the trap of relying punishment.It’s easy; it frequently works for a short time (although not as well with the secondary school students); and gives you a feeling of having established control. Punishment can destroy rapport with the students if excessively used, it produces a ripple effect that touches all students and affects one’s teaching and it may have side effects of which a teacher is unaware. In general, reinforcing alternative behavior is a far better method than punishment. Sources: Elliot et al. ,(2004). Educational psychology 3rd ed. USA: McGrawHill. Essa,V. (1999). A practical guide to solving preschool behavior problems. New York:Delm