Reptile and Bird Eggs: An Introduction

Reptile and Bird Eggs An IntroductionFor a long time now scientist have been studying each types of reptiles since before man walked the earth. When comparing todays modern reptile egg, and bird bollock we see many differences that be still being studied. Birds are almost bring everywhere, while most reptile are only in specific location. They both lay orchis that are diverse internally and externally. We will grimace at different species of birds and reptiles to find out more about their extraordinary reproductive system and the eggs themselves.BirdsFeathered, winged egg laying vertebrates. (Irie, 2010)Approximately 10,000 upkeep species (Deeming, 2007)The only branch of dinosaurs to have survived the Cretaceous Paleogene extinction 65.5 million years ago. (Dolnik, 2001)Scientists theorize that birds evolved from dinosaurs. (Dolnik, 2001)Archaeopteryx lithographicahad two strong legs and walked as a bird does. Its anatomy was reptilian and had the feathers of a bird. (Dolni k, 2001) in that respect are two theories as to why feathers would have conditioned in the evolution of birds. One is that beca practise the ancestors of birds where becoming warm blooded, they demand the insulation of feathers. Another is that they develop because of a need for flight and gliding. (Dolnik, 2001)This cappower to fly gave birds the competitive edge as they could travel over greater distances and areas seeking food. This also permitted them to live in places unreachable to other animals. (Deeming, 2007)Bird EggsBird eggsare laid by females andincubatedfor a time that changes accord to the species. (Deeming, D C Birchard, G F 2007)A single bird hatches from each egg. (Deeming, D C Birchard, G F 2007)Lay very emblematic amniote eggswith calcified shells. (Dove, 2012)Birds brood their eggs until hatching. nearly bird species are naked and helpless at birth, and must be fed by their parents these birds are calledaltricial. (Dove, 2012)Some birds lay eggs even when no t fertilized (Deeming, 2007)Cormorant eggs are rough and chalky (Dove, 2012)Tinamoueggs are shiny (Nathan, 1999)Duckeggs are oily and waterproof (Nathan, 1999)Cassowary eggs are heavily pitted (Nathan, 1999)Tiny pores in a bird eggshell allow the embryo to breathe. (Irie, 2010)The studyity bird eggs have anoval shape, with one end rounded and the other more pointed. (Deeming, 2007)The eggs wall is shapeable(Deeming, 2007)Numerous animals feed on eggs. (Dove, 2012) mankind have a long history of both eating wild bird eggs and raising birds for farmed eggs for consumption. (Dove, 2012)Brood parasitismoccurs in birds when one species lays its eggs in the nest of another. In well-nigh cases, the hosts eggs are removed or eaten by the female, or expelled by her chick. (Irie, 2010)ReptilesReptilesare members of theclassReptiliacomprising theamniotesthat are neitherbirdsnormammals. (Rafferty, 2012)The amniotes are thevertebrateswith eggs featuring anamnion, a double membrane that allows theembryoto breathe effectively on land. (Dolnik, 2001)Living reptiles arecold-bloodedand bear scales. (Rafferty, 2012)Reptiles originated roughly 320-310 million years ago during theCarboniferousperiod, having evolved from highly developedreptile equivalent amphibiansthat became gradually more adapted to life on dry land. (Dolnik, 2001)There are many extinct groups, includingdinosaurs,pterosaurs, and ichthyosaurs. (Dolnik, 2001)There are 8,240 species of reptiles in the world, inhabiting every continent except Antarctica. (shine, 1999)Lizards and snakes have a single sheet of overlapping scales. (Rafferty, 2012) different reptiles grow plates. (Rafferty, 2012)The main purpose of the skin is to keep water in the animals body. (Shine, 1999)Reptiles can go without water for long periods, and many species prosper in deserts. (Shine, 1999)Reptiles, like birds, have deliberate control over the muscles in their eyes, which determine their pupil size. They are able to constrict or dilat e their pupils at will, not full in reaction to light. (Dove, 2012)The brain of a reptile is not over 1 percent of his body bargain. Unlike amphibians, however, the reptilian brain has two hemispheres. (Nathan, 1999)The restless systems of reptiles are adequately complex and similar to those of mammals. (Rafferty, 2012)Reptile eggsThe eggs laid by some reptiles even smaller, and those of insects and otherinvertebratescan be such(prenominal) smaller still. (Nathan, 1999)Chicken eggs have a hard shell while reptile eggs have a soft, leathery shell. (Qualls, 2002)Large macrolecithal eggs, develop independent of water. (Deeming, D C Birchard, G F 2007)Like amphibians,amniotesare air-breathingvertebrates, still they have complex eggs including anamniotic membrane. (Qualls, 2002)Dinosaurs laid eggs, some of which have been preserved as petrified fossils. (Dolnik, 2001)Macrolecital eggs are found inreptiles(Deeming, 2007)Oviparity is typical of birds and reptiles. (Nathan, 1999)Litera ture ReviewDove (2012). Consumption of bird eggs by invasive Burmese Pythons in Florida.Burmese Pythons have been reported to consume 25 species of adult birds in Everglades National Park, Florida but until now no records document this species eating bird eggs.Deeming, D C Birchard, G F (2007). Allometry of egg and hatchling mass in birds and reptiles roles of developmental maturity, eggshell structure and phylogeny.This term looks at a wide range of birds andreptiles using regression analysis, In birds, initialeggmass (IEM) at laying is the most important factor affecting phyletic relatedness. For allreptilespecies, IEM phylogenetic relatedness did not. This phrase also observed for the relationship betweeneggmass and incubation period.Shine, R,(1999). Egg-laying reptiles in cold climates determinants and consequences of nest temperatures in montane lizards.This article studies reptilian life-history and evolution. Many of these species avoid low incubation temperatures by sele cting warm nest-sites, reptilesmay adapt to low-temperature incubation rather than avoid it. Bassianaeggstolerate high temperatures than do Nannoscincuseggs, but do not develop as rapidly at low temperatures.Dolnik, (2001) Allometry of egg mass, clutch size and tot clutch mass in dinosaurs comparison with modern reptiles and birds.In this article the author presents for the first time empirical allometrical equations matching the mass of dinosaurs with the mass of theireggs, clutch size and its total mass. Contrast of these equations with those that were planned for modern taxa ofreptilesand birds shows that dinosaurs can be characterized by intermediate value of allometry index.Nathan, R, and Y. L. Werner (1999). Reptiles and breeding birds on Mt. Hermon Patterns of altitudinal distribution and species richnessThis article freshens and analyzes the altitudinal distribution ofreptilesand breedingbirds on Mt. Hermon over the distance of 2814 m. Species diversity was larger in bree dingbirdsthan inreptiles, declining with rising altitude in both groups, but more sharply so inbirds. The scientist explain that the generalization of vegetation arrangement with increasing altitude may explain this variation, becausebirds probably better use the three-dimensionality of densely-vegetated habitats that take over low elevations.C. P. Qualls,R. M. Andrews (2002). Maternal body volume constrains water uptake by lizard eggsin uteroIn this article observations showed that some characteristic of retention in the oviductal environment restricts the amount of water eggs can absorb prior to oviposition. This paper presents proof, from two species ofSceloporuslizard, sustenance the hypothesis that restricted space within the mothers body cavity physically constrains the ability of eggs to expand, and thereby their ability to absorb water. If such a reserve on water uptake is extensive, it can have significant implications for the understanding the costs of reproduction, and the determinants of reproductive output in squamate reptiles.Anthony R. Rafferty and Richard D. Reina, (2012). Arrested embryonic development a review of strategies to delay hatching in egg-laying reptiles.This article discusses arrested embryonic development connecting the down regulation or cessation of active cell division and metabolic activity, and the ability of an animal to arrest embryonic development results in temporal plasticity of the duration of embryonic period. Arrested embryonic development is a significant reproductive dodging for egg-laying animals that provide no parental care after oviposition.Irie,Toshiaki, (2010). Retinoid storage in the egg of reptiles and birdsIn this article storage of retinal has been established ineggsfrom a variety of anamniotic vertebrates, but the retinoid-storage state ineggsof oviparousamnioticvertebrates (reptiles andbirds) has not been clarified in detail. Scientist studied four reptilian and atomic number 23 avian species and est ablished that retinal was commonly stored in theireggyolk. In addition, retinal was the major retinoid in reptilian eggs, with only low levels of retinol, while major amounts of retinol as well as retinal were stored in avianeggs. In equally reptilian and avianeggs, retinal was frequently bound to proteins, which were fancied to be homologous to the proteins that attach retinal in theeggsof anamniotic vertebrates.