Improving Risk Perception in Adolescent Motorcycle Drivers

Improving Risk Perception in Adolescent wheel DriversCould Risk Perception Abilities of Adolescence Motorcycle Drivers (Motorcyclist) be Improved Through the outmatch Perception Psycho-education Program?Guritnaningsih A. Santoso, Lucia R. Mursitolaksmi, Dewi MaulinaAbstractThe frame of drivecyclists on the gameyway increase rapidly from course to year. The Central Bureau of Statistics recorded the number of pedals in 2010, 8.7 million units, rising to 9.8 million units in 2011, and became 10.8 million units in 2012. That means, in that respect is an addition of 1 million units of drivecycles per year (Kompas, 11 November 2013). The impact of the number of motorcycle riders is a wide range of traffic problems as a result of hazardous motorcycle device remover deportment manifested as high rate of motorcycle accidents. Motorcycle accidents atomic number 18 the biggest contributor to traffic accidents, as many as 60-77% in the period 2008-2012 (Maharani, 2012 Department of T ransportation, 2010). Directorate world(a) of Land Transportation, Ministry of Transportation noted 11,140 drivers and passengers of deuce or common chord-wheeled vehicles died in traffic accidents in 2010. Average motorcycle accident threatens 20,000 people per year, or 55 people per day, or about two people every(prenominal) hour. The cause of the accident on a motorcycle washbasin be derived from the characteristics of the engine, the road environment and drivers behaviour (Houston, 2011). Among these teaseinal factors, the behavior of the driver is important to note, because 70-90% of accidents are ca employ by human factors and behaviors associated with the driver (Hole, 2007 Januari-Oktober 935 orang tewas, 2011 Shinar, 1978 Ullerberg Rundmo, 2003 Yilmaz Celik, 2004).In psychological studies of traffic, thither are three perspectives used to let off the behavior of ride. These perspectives are the perspective of personality, cognitive perspective, and social perspe ctives (Ullerberg Rundmo, 2003). Among the above three perspectives, the cognitive perspective has not been the focus of much research. Whereas the cognitive aspects that take on science, attention, or the attention of the relevant matters around, concentration, ability to process information and bring out decisions is very important in impetuous activity. Those various aspects of cognitive are important to always be active when operate because individuals are veneering postal services in which highway environment is constantly changing. One of the cognitive aspects that bid a major role in determining the mordacious effort behavior is the acquaintance of try. Chung Wong, 2011 Guritnaningsih et al, 2011 Wong et al., 2010 found that the science of risk is a pregnant predictor of wild driving behavior. According to Cohen, et al (1995, in Machin Sankey, 2008), there is a negative relationship between risk perception and wondering(a) driving behavior, in which the per ception of risk (hazard) against a low driving conditions will be followed by the higher possibility to display the driving behavior insidious. Perception of risk in driving is the subjective pose of risk in potential traffic hazards (Deery, 1999). This means that risk perception is individual. Nevertheless, various studies have appearancen that the perception of risk in young adults is largely low. They will perceive a dangerous driving situation as low-risk. They will perceive a dangerous driving situation as low-risk. This is because of two main things, namely the lack of experience in driving skills or lack of processing information, and age factor cogitate to life style (Mayhew et al., 2008). Young adulthood is a period where they are easily create emotionally and fun sensation seeking. The research that has been conducted by researchers found that risky behaviors while driving, such as calling, moving lane, and speeding are assessed by participants as behavior that is no t hazardous (Guritnaningsih et al., 2011). These findings corroborate the results that the young drivers risk perception is low.When driving on the highway, the various situations faced are intimately entirely received visual information (Shinar, 2007). Errors of perception (perception errors) are i of the causes of the accident on a motorcycle, which occurred because the driver failed to detect a dangerous condition (Tunnicliff, 2006). To be able to drive safely among other vehicles compulsory the ability of visual perception in the form of perceptual aloofness ( standoffishness perception). Rizania, Guritnaningsih, Maulina (2010) in a topic on the effect of keep perception on the young adulthood motorcycle driver found that dangerous overtaking behavior (weaving behavior) is influenced by perceptual judgment of aloofness. Assessment of remoteness (distance perception) may be one of the causes of the occurrence of motorcycle accident. (Pai, 2011). When the driver is erron eously or unable to ensure a safe distance ahead deciding to overtake another vehicle, it can cause accidents (Shinar, 2007 Tunnicliff, 2006). This shows that an error in assessing the safety distance may result in lower risks judgement and perform risky or unsafe motor driving behavior.Assessing distance cannot be separated from assessing speed the two are closely related to one another. In receiving stimulus on the distance and speed the driver will perceive it as safe or unsafe distance. For example, for a vehicle speed of 30 km / h, the relatively safe distance is 4 beats, while for the vehicle speed of 40 km / h the safe distance is 8 meters, and so forth (Suryajaya, 1995). According to Sanders and McCormick (1993) stainless assessment of the sequence, distance and speed is needed to maneuver in a secure way. Rosenbloom, Shahar, Elharar, and Danino (2008) suggests that the driver, especially novice drivers must break-dance the ability to rationalize hazard risk perceptio ns in a variety of road situations. Results of old studies on the ability of risk perception shows that risk perception can be enhanced through the canvasiness of training (Rosenbloom, Shahar, Elharar, and Danino, 2008) Horswill, Kemala, and Wetton Scialfa, and Pachana, 2010). Referring to previous studies that show the effectualness of training programs to improve the skills of risk perception, researcher sees the need to break-dance training programs on danger on the highway for motorcyclists who often displayed dangerously behavior in big cities in In through with(p)sia, namely the behavior of slip and overtaking other vehicles. Specifically this study wanted to probe whether provision psycho-education program on recognition distance perception is significantly effective in lowering the risk perception scores of adolescence motorcycle driver. orderParticipantsThere were 60 male adolescences in this study. The mean age was 17.12 (SD = 0.329) with a range between 17-19 years . More than half respondents (22.4 portion) had been riding motorcycle for 3-5 years, 17.2 percent had been driving for more than than 5 years and the rest (10.3 percent) had been riding for 1-2 years. antheral adolescence motorcycle drivers have been chosen because they are inexperienced motorcyclists and tend to drive dangerously. In addition, male riders more often display dangerously behavior than women riders. Participants in this study were drawn from secondary school i.e. SMAN 38.Measures and ApparatusThe instruments used were 1) a video lease about riding a motorcycle on the highway, which is made up of 10 scenarios, with details of 5 scenarios that show the behavior of sop up splitting and 5 scenarios that describe the behavior of overtaking. way situation for all five scenarios in to each(prenominal) one type of motor driving behavior (i.e. line splitting and overtaking) varied according to variables time of the day, hold out, speed, distance, and type of road ( one-way vs. two ways). Psycho-education program contains information on three common dangerous behaviors of motorcyclists, i.e. the splitting line and overtaking. The information provided includes (a) the definition of each type of behavior, i.e. slip, and overtaking another vehicle, (b) the factors that influence the driving behavior of the motorcyclists, (c) the wideness of the perception of a safe distance, and (d) risks/dangers of unsafe driving hatched. Psycho-education program was presented to the participants with speech sound along with presentation in the form of PowerPoint, and also video footage of line splitting and overtaking to serve as an example of behavior. 3) Questionnaire, containing items that measure the perception of distance, namely by asking the estimation of the distance between the motor and the driven vehicle nearby, as perceived by the participants. The measuring instrument also contained items to assess how much is the risk to have an accident if the p artisipants do the splitting line and overtaking. Measurements were performed using a Visual Analogue, in which participants were asked to send off the assessment of the risks in a continuum line with range 0-100 percent. The questionnaire also tapped into demographic information such as age, riding experience, and accident experience.Procedure preparation PhasePrior to the experiment, the researchers had conducted two activities. The first activity was Focus class Discussion to investigate the push and the hamper factors of unsafe riding motorcycle, especially for doing line splitting and overtaking, and also the role of distance perception on riding behavior. The result of Focus Group Discussion was used to develop film scenarios concerning riding motorcycle on the road. There were 14 film scenarios that consist of 7 scenarios representing road situation and a motorcyclist that intend to do line splitting, and 7 scenarios representing road situation and a motorcyclist that inten d to do line overtaking. The scenarios of road situation were varied in several variables, i.e. weather variable (clear vs rainy), time of day ( by and bynoon vs night), type of road (one-way street vs two-part street), distance between vehicles in front or beside the motorcycle (2.5 meter or less vs 2.5 meter or more), and speed of the motorcycle (20-30 km/hour vs 50-60 km/hour). The film was developed in real situation to make the measurement of distance perception and risk perception more natural. The cameraman shot the road situations using Yamaha Vixion, 150 cc motorcycle, year 2012. They were using the equipment as follows Camera Canon EOS 60D Logger HP Huawei prove P1 and Monopod Manfrotto. After the pictures have been collected, they were then edited and assembled into a movie. Editing were done using a computer set with following specification central processor 2-GHz Intel Core i7-2630QM OS windows 7 home premium (64 bit) RAM 8 GB Hard Drive 750 GB SATA Display size 15.6 edge Resolution 1920 x 1080 pixels Optical drive Bluray/DVD Graphic card Nvidia Ge Force GT 540M Video Memory 2GB. The film then formalize using face validity approach, to ensure that the road situations had been represented each scenario.Experimental phaseFrom a list of 98 students in a senior high school in Depok area that met the sample criteria the researchers took 60 students using random number in SPSS program and divided the selected students into two groups (experimental group vs checker group) by randomization technique, each group consists of 30 students. Both experimental group and control group was measured two times, pre-test and post-test. Between the pre-test and the post-test the experiment groups of students were given psycho-education program, whereas at the same time the control group was asked to watch a short film. Therefore, the study design for this study is experimental laboratory and the design called randomized two groups before and after design.Results Comparative analysis was used to examine the effect of psycho-education program concerning distance perception on motorcyclists risk perception in riding their motorbike. To test the equality between experimental and control group comparison had been made.ReferensiMotor, Solusi Macet Sekaligus Petakahttp//megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2013/11/11/0953518/Motor.Solusi.Macet.Sekaligus.Petaka. Senin, 11 November 2013.1